Since the day I have started writing, I get a lot of requests suggesting the topics I should write on.
But do you know which question I have been asked the maximum number of times?
No prize for guessing.
It is this question.
How to know the worst case of damage stability?
Well, It is today that I decided to write on it in detail and explain it.
Are you ready to read the answer to this most mystic question?
Let dive in.
Requirements of damage stability
A ship that can float cannot always be said to be a safe ship.
It must also be able to remain afloat even after sustaining some amount of damage.
Damage stability calculations are all about getting to know if the vessel will remain afloat after sustaining some damage on its hull.
That is what SOLAS, MARPOL (For tankers) and IBC code (For chemical tankers) does.
All these regulations define two things
- the extent of damage that needs to be assumed.
- Sustainability criteria for the assumed extent of damage
For the vessel to comply with damage stability, it should be able to achieve the sustainability criteria after the assumed extent of the damage.
Extent of damage
Let us see the defined extent of damage as per various regulations.
Assumed Extent of damage as per SOLAS
Here is the extent of damage defined in SOLAS for cargo and passenger ships without a double bottom.
Below is the required extent of damage to be assumed for passenger ships
Damage stability requirements in MARPOL
The required assumed extent of damage defined in MARPOL annex 1 for oil tankers is as below.
The assumed extent of damage as per IBC code
The required assumed extent of damaged defined in IBC code for chemical tanks is as below
Damage cases as per the assumed extent of damage
Based on the damage assumption requirements, damage cases are created for the vessel by the class.
You can see these cases in damage stability calculations, either in loadicator or in damage stability booklet.
Here are the few of the damage cases from one of the vessel.
Damage stability for each damage case
For the vessel to comply with damage stability requirements, for each damage case, the vessel must comply with the damage stability requirements under MARPOL annex 1 (for oil tankers) and under IBC code (for chemical tankers)
What does this mean?
Let us take the damage case 201.
In this case, FPTK, 1W(P) and, 1W(S) are assumed to be damaged.
If after this damage, vessel still complied with the damage stability survival requirements as set in MARPOL, IBC code or SOLAS (as applicable), the ship can be said to be complying with the damage stability with reference to damage case 201.
These calculations need to be done for each damage case and ship need to be complying with damage stability survival requirements for each of these damage cases.
If even one case does not comply then for this stowage vessel will not be complying with damage stability and we need to make changes to the stowage and again check for the damage stability.
Of course, manual calculations are not required and lodicator does these calculations for us.
And after calculations, it just shows us if the for the intended stowage if the vessel is complying with damage stability or not.
Survival requirements
But what are the required survival requirements?
That is, after the assumed damage under each damage case what all stability requirements vessel need to fulfill for it to be considered complying with damage stability?
Here are the survival requirements as per the IBC code.
And here are the survival requirements as per MARPOL.
Although the MARPOL and IBC code requirements are for oil tankers and chemical tankers respectively, if you look closely there are a lot of similarities in the two requirements.
Deciding Factors for damage stability compliance
If we need to know the worst case of damage stability, we need to first bring all the deciding factors on the table.
Let us see which are the deciding factors for damage stability compliance.
Look at the survival requirements as per IBC and Marpol and you would know that these are
- The distance from the waterline to the opening through which progressive flooding can take place
- Angle of heel
- range of righting lever curve (GZ curve)
- Residual righting lever
- The area under the GZ curve
Contrary to the belief of many, GM of the vessel does not represent here as a factor for deciding the damage stability.
But as the GZ curve and GM of the vessel has a direct relation, we can say that GM indirectly affects the damage stability.
For the scope of this article, I will not discuss here the relation between GM and GZ. I will leave that for some other day.
So if there is anything that decides the worst case of damage stability it has to be one or more of the above factors.
Which one(s) is that? Let us find out.
Right Lever, Range under GZ curve, area under GZ curve
What is GZ and why it is important?
GZ is righting lever. It is the force that brings the ship back when inclined to an angle by an external force.
In simple words, the centre of gravity (G) of the ship for a particular condition remains the same.
Whereas the center of buoyancy (B) changes with the heel as the underwater area would change when the vessel is inclined.
This generates a lever (GZ) that brings the vessel back to normal.
GZ would increase as the angle of heel increases because with an increase in the heel the center of buoyancy would shift farther from the center of gravity.
GZ curve is the curve drawn for the length of the righting lever (GZ) against the angle of heel.
The area under the GZ curve at an angle of heel is simply the area of the curve from 0 deg heel to that angle of heel.
The significance of the area under the GZ curve is that it represents the amount of work required to bring the ship to that angle of heel.
In other words, it will also be the force available to bring the ship back to its original position or the force available to counter the external force that is causing the ship to heel.
GZ and damage stability
So when a ship is damaged and is arrived at equilibrium, one thing we want is it to have some dynamic stability to withstand the usual weather conditions.
In simple words, in damaged conditions, if the vessel does not have any dynamic stability then a slight increase in the heel due to weather conditions can capsize the vessel.
The minimum dynamic stability required after the assumed damage cases is defined in MARPOL and IBC.
I do not have the calculations to show how severe weather conditions the vessel can survive with these minimum values required as per MARPOL and IBC code.
But we can believe that IMO came to these values to ensure that the ship can withstand normal weather conditions at sea.
The distance from the waterline to the opening through which progressive flooding can take place
Apart from GZ and related criteria, there are one more criteria that are required to be fulfilled for the vessel to comply with damage stability.
This is…
“The distance from the waterline to the opening through which progressive flooding can take place”.
And it is required that
The final waterline, taking into account the sinkage, heel, and trim, shall be below the lower edge of any opening through which the progressive flooding can take place.
So after the damage and when the vessel has arrived at the equilibrium, the openings like air pipe and other openings that are not water-tight must be above the water line considering
- it does not apply to the opening of the compartments that are already flooded
- if any opening is below the waterline, the compartment needs to be assumed to be flooded for damage stability calculations.
So if you note, a small distance of even 5cms between the waterline and the opening is considered in compliance.
What if we have a swell of more than a few meters?
Even when we are complying with the damage stability requirements, the compartment can get flooded in this case and everything changes.
GZ and other values that were complying with damage stability with this compartment intact will now change and may not comply anymore.
The worst case of damage stability
Finally, I come to the concluding part.
The damage stability requirements have defined the minimum required criteria for each element.
Except for the distance of waterline from opening through which progressive flooding can take place.
This is a critical factor too.
If the distance is too small, the vessel will still comply with the requirements but the whole scenario will change if the compartment gets flooded through this opening because of weather conditions.
So the worst case of damage stability is the one that has the least distance from the waterline to the opening through which progressive flooding can take place.
Example of the worst case of stability
I know now you would like to see an example for the worst case of stability.
Let us take this as step by step.
Critical openings
The first thing we need to know is the critical opening for the ship.
These are the openings through which progressive flooding can take place and these are identified by the classification society.
If you are on a vessel, do some homework to find the list of these openings. These must be either in your approved loading conditions booklet or damage stability booklet.
Here is the list of the critical opening of one of the vessels.
Damage stability calculations
Damage stability calculations demonstrate if the vessel’s stowage would comply with the damage stability requirements.
And as one of the requirements is that the critical opening must be above the waterline, the damage stability calculations are supposed to give the distance from the waterline to these openings.
Here are the damage stability calculations for one of the vessel.
The last column (Opening immersion) gives the distance from a critical opening (the one with the least distance for that damaged case).
It also gives the identification of the opening for each case (in the above it is given as the identification number of that opening).
So looking at the above calculations can you guess the worst case of damage stability?
Did you say “Damage case 301″ in which has the least distance of the critical opening (no 40) from waterline (0.12m)?
Let us scroll to the next page of the damage stability calculations for this same loading condition to see if you are right.
Bingo. You are absolutely right. It is damage case 301 indeed.
You see this loading computer identifies the “most severe damage case” and provides the information in one section.
But if your loading computer does not do that then you can identify the most severe damage case by looking at the distance of critical opening from the waterline.
But there is one more thing that you need to be careful about.
You need to check if the damage case with the least distance of critical opening from the waterline is not assumed to be flooded.
If it is assumed to be flooded, then the distance of this opening from the waterline would not matter and we need to look for the next most severe case.
For example, look at this damage stability calculations.
Which would be the most severe damage case in this?
You would probably say, damage case 408 with the least distance of 0.25m for opening # 46.
The opening no 46 is Air vent for E/R cofferdam (S).
And the assumed damaged compartments in damage case 408 are: 5W(P), SP(P), E/RFORDM, S/G RM, FWT(P).
The opening no 46 comes under one of these damaged compartments (E/RFORDM). So we need to neglect this while choosing the most severe damage case.
In this case, we need to look for the next most severe damage case and so on till we have a damage case where the distance is the least and the compartment of the critical opening is not already assumed as flooded.
In the above example, this would be damage case 108 as the most severe damage case.
Conclusion
It is not a statutory requirement for the masters to know about the most severe damage case.
However, SIRE requires masters to be aware of that.
Surely the factors that decide the compliance with the damage stability requirements need to be the one that decides the most severe case of damage stability too.
And these factors are
- GZ and other associated data
- angle of heel
- the distance of critical opening from the waterline
IMO has already defined the minimum required criteria for the first two factors but not for the third one.
This is the factor that decides the most severe case of damage stability.
The damage case that has the least distance of the critical opening to the waterline will be the most severe damage case.
The most severe damage case need not be the same for all loading conditions.
It can be different for different loading conditions but more often there will be one damage case that would appear as the favorite for most of the loading conditions.
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About Capt Rajeev Jassal
Capt. Rajeev Jassal has sailed for over 24 years mainly on crude oil, product and chemical tankers. He holds MBA in shipping & Logistics degree from London. He has done extensive research on quantitatively measuring Safety culture onboard and safety climate ashore which he believes is the most important element for safer shipping.
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89 Comments
Thank u sir . Very well explained.
Thanks Ilyas...
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Excellent Sir. Just what I was looking for. The confusion has been finally cleared as to which to choose from the Criteria .. Least GZ , greatest angle of heel or dist of opening to the waterline. So it is the dist of the opening nearest to the waterline which will decide the worst damage case. Thanks again Sir..
Glad you found it useful Satyajit...
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Sir the chapter above has clarified many doubts and confusions however in the above case kindly also advice how it will be known that the compartment is considered to be flooded.
Each damage case assumes some compartment to be flooded. Which compartments are assumed to be flooded in each damage case is provided in damage stability booklet.
Thank you sir.
Thanks Yogesh...
THANK YOU VERY MUCH SIR, FOR THE EFFORTS. YOU CANNOT IMAGINE THE HEIGHT OF SATISFACTION I GOT AFTER READING THIS ARTICLE(SELF EXPLANATORY).
Great to hear that Harbinder...
SIR WHAT DO WE UNDERSTAND BY DECK IMMERSION COLUMN IN DIFFERENT CASES THE +VE & -VE ? VALUES AND THE NUMBER NEXT TO IT.
-ve means that deck line is immersed. +ve means deck line is not immersed. The number gives the distance of the deck line to the water line.
First of all thanks a lot for this beneficial information, it refreshed my knowledge as chief officer on chemical tankers.I can barely see the importance of deck immersion however as far as I am concerned, the GZ value should be also considered as well as deck immersion value. During the calculations, I always firstly consider the value of GZ. I mean I always choose the least GZ value result as worst case if I am right ? Could you please confirm if it is true all the time ?
We do not need to consider the value of GZ as if GZ is less than the required value then vessel is not complying with the damage stability and there is no need to know the worst case of damage stability becuase we need to first correct the stowage to the one where damage stability is complied with.
We need new topics !!! ;)
Sir...your explanations are the best...Appreciate your effort...Best wishes!!!
Thank you sir and well explained ,
Thousands of thanks captain...many Years looking for a explanation like this...
Very nicely explained sir Thank you sir
Great article sir ....want you to write more on probabilistic method...as you have already write on it...but need to know more...from where they get required subdivision index...subdivision length n all that
Thank you sir, Very well explained great work.
Thank you Sir for your effort in explaining a topic frequently asked by the SIRE inspectors. It was sought for since a long time specially on ships where loadicator isn't fitted with damage stability calculations.
superb, salamat
Pls also advice which all ship's plans must be stamped by Classification society.
Excellent and very detailed Explanation done by you sir !!! Thanks
That's really nice post. I appreciate your skills, Thanks for sharing.
This is nice Articale, Thanks for Sharing your Information Marine Safety Equipment LSA products FFA products
thank you very much
Kudos Capt! ????????????????
Is it mandatory to use the online mode in loadicator. Will it be statutory requirements in the future? ????
Good day sir!Ballast vent heads shoud we consider as the openings through which progressive flooding can take place?They are so design to prevent flooding.
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I'm super excited to share this amazing testimony on how I won $70,000,000 Million dollars with the help of Dr Benjamin who gave me some lottery winning numbers, I have been playing lottery games for years now and I never won, one fateful day my colleague told me how he had helped his cousin win lottery and he gave me his contact information, after the close of the day I emailed him and he responded after some time, I told him all I wanted and he assured me that he's going to help me as he has done for many. After some time he gave me an instruction which I followed diligently, later that night he gave me the numbers and I played it as instructed to my biggest surprise I was among the luck winners. It was a dream come through for me. My big thank you Dr Benjamin for your selfless services to humanity and I pray that you reap the fruit of your services now and always. If you need same miracle he's open to helping as many that comes to him for help, he can help you too. Contact him today via his personal information, Email: drbenjaminlottospell711@gmail.com Whatsapp:+17066036031
Hello everyone Lottery is something majority of the people in the world want to win, not only winning the lottery, but they want to win big, I have been playing the lottery for couple of years now, but I haven't really win big, personally I always think there is something behind all those winners who always win big, because my intense always tell me that every thing is possible, I manage to get in contact with one of the biggest lottery winner in the US, I asked him about the success, and he referred me to a very powerful voodoo doctor, (Dr Emmanuel), he is indeed a great man who I explained to , without no hidden details , (i really want to win the lottery so bad ) he put to work and few days latter he gave me numbers that never fails , these numbers was what I played and I won $119, Million Dollars , (Dr Emmanuel) is blessed , you too can change your life too with his help, contact Email: dremmanuellottoryspellcaster@gmail.com or also call him or whats-app +1(332)253-4306
My husband filed for a divorce after 8 years of marriage it was difficult on me and the kids I did all I could to save my marriage and my family but all fail until a friend of mine told me about the wonderful work of Priest Ade I contacted him and he assured me 24hours all will be well the next day to my greatest surprise my husband came back home and he went on his knees and was crying begging me for forgiveness I’m so happy right now thank you so much Priest Ade, One message to him today can change your life too for the better. Email: ancientspiritspellcast@gmail.com Read more on his website: https://ancientspiritspell.wordpress.com/ And you can also reach him on WhatsApp: +2349054727023
MY BOYFRIEND GOT BACK TO ME WITH THE HELP OF DR ISIKOLO AND I AM TRULY OVERWHELMED Hello everyone, I am Kim Grayson from Miami. When all hope was lost in making my relationship work again between me and my boyfriend, I went online in search of help and i read and contacted DR ISIKOLO via his website (https://isikolotemple.com) who came and fixed everything and he will remain appreciated by me for the rest of my life. Too many times I went through emotional trauma due to the unending problems I had with my man and it led to our break up and that's why I sought help and found out about DR ISIKOLO who came to my rescue. He told me the procedures and urged me to comply which I gladly did and he didn't delay the process of giving solutions to my problems and I got the result in just 2 days as he assured me. Don't bother seeking help elsewhere because he is too good at helping people. He is trustworthy and honest so text him now via WhatsApp: +234-8133261196 or his email: isikolosolutionhome@gmail.com
READ MY REVIEW HOW I WIN $158m CONTACT DR KACHI NOW FOR YOUR OWN LOTTERY WINNING NUMBERS. I was a gas station truck driver and I always playing the SUPER LOTTO GAME, I’m here to express my gratitude for the wonderful thing that Dr Kachi did for me, Have anybody hear of the professional great spell caster who help people to win Lottery and clear all your debt and buy yourself a home and also have a comfortable life living. Dr Kachi Lottery spell casting is wonders and works very fast. He helped me with lucky numbers to win a big money that changed my life and my family. Recently i won, ONE HUNDRED AND FIFTY EIGHT MILLIONS DOLLARS, A Super Lotto ticket I bought in Oxnard Liquor Store, I am so grateful to meet Dr Kachi on internet for helping me to win the lottery and if you also need his help, email him at: drkachispellcast@gmail.com and he will also help you as well to win and make you happy like me today. Text number OR Call: +1 (209) 893-8075 visit his Website, https://drkachispellcaster.wixsite.com/my-site
I want to thank a very kind and powerful psychic who brought back my ex wife who left me she told me she wants to be alone and left me and the kids I was devastated everyday i keep thinking how i would live without her one day i was online when I found Priest Ade website then i contacted him, He told me not to worry she will be back in 24hours after he cast his love spell i had some doubt though but i just did all he instructed and had a little faith, To my greatest surprise the next day she was back to me and the family she told me she was sad because she couldn’t get pregnant since we have been trying but Priest Ade also solved that now she is 3 weeks pregnant I’m so excited i highly recommend him he is powerful and can help you too with different problems email him now at ancientspiritspellcast@gmail.com And his website https://ancientspiritspell.wordpress.com OR WhatsApp +2349054727023
Review and contact the most honest and powerful spell caster called Dr Isikolo via website (https://isikolotemple.com) My name is Marie Bailey and all for good, i am appreciating Dr Isikolo who helped me with his great powers restored my home and the happiness i shared with my husband and its indeed something i am forever grateful for. It happened that i was helpless and downcast for almost a year when my husband left me due to marital issues we encountered. I did all i could to save my marriage and nothing worked until DR ISIKOLO came to my rescue. He helped me and the love and happiness i shared with my man was restored back and more amazingly. I know it sounds wierd if truly he can help anyone but he is 100% guaranteed not to disappoint you when he assures you of having the desired results after 48 hours. He can help you too if you are willing to give him the chance to do so. email him now via: isikolosolutionhome@gmail.com or text him on WhatsApp him on +2348133261196.
WHEN LOOKING FOR A TRUSTWORTHY SPELL CASTER TO HELP YOU GET YOUR EX BACK, CONTACT DR ISIKOLO. HIS website (https://isikolotemple.com) Good day everyone. It was really heavy on me when my boyfriend left me for another lady. I was emotionally wrecked and knew not what to do to get him back. I was in distress for months and kept on searching for help from everywhere till i got to know about DR ISIKOLO. I contacted him and explained my problems to him. He was willing to help me and urge me to comply with the procedures so that he can restore the love between me and my man and also ensure we were both back to each other again. I met all the requirements and he did his job. After 48 hours, i got a text from my boyfriend asking for a date so that we can trash things out. Now we are back together and all thanks to DR ISIKOLO. He can help you too if you are willing to believe and stay hopeful. Just email him via: isikolosolutionhome@gmail.com You can also WhatsApp him on +2348133261196
Good day to all viewer online, my name is Albert Walker I am so overwhelmed sharing this great testimony on how i was checking for solution in the internet while miraculously i came across Dr Kachi who brought my ex Girlfriend back to me, This is the reason why i have taken it upon myself to thank this great spell caster called Dr Kachi, because through his help my life became more filled with love and i am happy to say that my ex Girlfriend who has been separated from me for the past 2years came back to me pleading for me to accept her back, This was a shocking to me my partner is very stable, faithful and closer to me than before, because before i contacted Dr Kachi i was the one begging my ex Girlfriend to come back to me but through the assistance of Dr Kachi, I now have my relationship restored. You can also have a better relationship only if you Contact Dr Kachi Website: https://drkachispellcaster.wixsite.com/my-site OR Email: drkachispellcast@gmail.com You can reach him Call and Text Number:+1 (209) 893-8075
DR ISIKOLO is none to be compared in regards to having solutions to your relationship or marital problems. My name is Claudia Dirk. I have been battling with depression for a very long time knowing it's as a result of heartbreak when my boyfriend left me for another lady. I never knew he took the decision to be gone from me until months passed and I was unable to reach him. I had to contact DR ISIKOLO when I heard about him. He told me all that was needed to be done to restore the love and connections between me and my man which he did. The result started manifesting after 48 hours as he promised. This may sound weird but it is 100% true that he does not fail anyone. Worry no more and contact him now. email: isikolosolutionhome@gmail.com or text him via WhatsApp +2348133261196.
Doctor Abdul Spellcaster can help you bring back your ex-wife or fix your broken marriage. He can be reached at (doctorabdulspellcaster@gmail.com). My name is Kevin Owen and I live in Los Angeles, California. I used to be married to a woman named Kimberly. I love her so much and have been married to her for the past eight years. However, after she went on a vacation in France, she said that she no longer wanted to be with me. She referred to a man named Jackson.I was so confused and didn't know what to do when I met a friend named Miss Bella. She told me about a great man named Abdul, who was a love spell expert. He was able to help me bring back my ex-wife after two days.Miss Bella suggested that I contact Dr. Abdul, the love spell expert, for help. He told me that he would help me bring back my wife. He also asked me not to worry about the possibility that the gods of his four fathers would fight for me. After two days, my wife called me and told me that she was going back home to see what was going on with me. I was surprised to see her and she started crying for my forgiveness.Right now I am the happiest man on earth for what this great spell caster did for me and my husband, you can contact Dr. ABDUL with his Email:doctorabdulspellcaster@gmail .com He is the best spell caster who is very capable to help you, and his telephone number/WhatsApp number is +2348108728256 Thank you once again Dr. ABDUL
Hello my name is Vivian Marcus from the United State, i'm so exciting writing this article to let people seek for help in any Break up Marriage and Relationship, Dr Kachi brought my Ex Boyfriend back to me, Thank you Sir Kachi for helped so many Relationship situation like mine to be restored, i was in pain until the day my aunt introduce me to Dr Kachi that she got her husband back with powerful love spell with help of Dr Kachi So i sent him an email telling him about my problem how my Boyfriend left me and cheating on me because of her boss lady at work i cry all day and night, but Dr Kachi told me my Boyfriend shall return back to me within 24hrs and to me everything he asked me to do the next day it was all like a dream when he text me and said please forgive me and accept me back exactly what i wanted, i am so happy now as we are back together again. because I never thought my Ex Boyfriend would be back to me so quickly with your spell. You are the best and the world greatest Dr Kachi. if you're having broke up Ex Lover or your husband left you and moved to another woman, You do want to get Pregnant do not feel sad anymore contact: drkachispellcast@gmail.com his Text Number Call: +1 (209) 893-8075 You can reach him Website: https://drkachispellcaster.wixsite.com/my-site
Hello everyone my names are ALEX JACKSON from the UK, I want to use this golden medium to appreciate Doctor Abdul a great spell caster for helping me retrieving back my relationship with my ex lover when he ended and turned back on me for quite a long time now (6 months ago). He performed a spell for me and within 48 hours after the spell had been cast I received a text from my ex saying that he is sorry for the pains and tears that he had caused me and that he will not do such a thing to me again in his life. I was surprised but later accepted him back again. Anyone that is in the same line of problem or different one that wants to contact a spell caster should happily contact Doctor Abdul now on this email address.doctorabdulspellcaster@gmail.com or message him through his Whatsapp +2348108728256
Just like so many other people, I warmly give my gratitude to Dr Isikolo for his help and solution to my problems. I was blinded with jealousy and insecurities, and it created chaos in my relationship with my fiancé and he couldn’t resist my troubles and he left me. After he I realized I had gone too far with everything I was doing wrong to him only for him to relocate to another city and I lost every means of trying to reach him and apologize. At this point I knew I needed help to get him back, so I had to contact Dr Isikolo. He showed much concern, and I told him everything and agreed I was at fault, and he assured me of getting him back and restoring the love and happiness we shared which he did. Just as promised, after 48 hours Thompson called me and I apologized for everything and he invited me over so that we can make things up and be together again. Thank you Dr Isikolo for everything and your sincerity in helping people. Just text him via WhatsApp +2348133261196 or email him via: isikolosolutionhome@gmail.com and its important you read more about him or contact him via his website (https://isikolotemple.com)
Hello Everyone, Am George Taylor a professional blank ATM card hacker and a bitcoin trader, Have you been trying to get a blank ATM card or you want to in investment in bitcoin and it has always been a problem due to you have not gotten the right person? Then worry know more because we are here to help and make it work for you. We have special cash loaded programmed ATM cards and bitcoin for you to meet up with those needs of yours and also start up your own business. Our ATM card can be used to withdraw cash at any ATM or swipe, stores and POS. Our cards has daily withdrawal limit depending on the card balance you order. You can get from $2500 to $30,000 or more with our Programmed cards. Contact us today for your own order at : georgetaylorcards@gmail.com We deal on the following: Blank ATM Cards Bitcoin Investment Account To Up Software Hackers Removing of name from debit record and criminal ETC. Here are the price list for ATM Cards: Balance Price $2500----------$150 $5000----------$250 $10,000-------- $500 $12,000---------$750 $15,000---------$1100 $20,000 --------$1500 $30,000 --------$2000 We are the best when it come to this,So give it a try today and you we happy that you contacted us today. You can contact us by sending an email to this following email address at : georgetaylorcards@gmail.com OR you can send a message through your google chat at georgetaylorcards@gmail.com We are ready to take your orders. George Taylor.
LOOKING FOR HELP TO GET YOUR EX BACK TO YOU, CONTACT DR ISIKOLO NOW VIA website (https://isikolotemple.com) My name is Kara Harvey. Out of the abundance of joy my heart speaks highly of DR ISIKOLO. He came to my rescue when my life was ruined for months. My lover left me for another lady and little did i know he was mind controlled and hypnotized. I did all I could to make him return back to me but all to no avail. He left the city with the lady and I never heard from him or even saw him again. I went in search of help online when I read about how DR ISIKOLO helped other women that had the same problems. I contacted him and he told me all that needed to be done, which I complied. Just as he promised, the love and happiness I shared with my partner was restored and he was cleansed from the dark charm they placed on him and returned back to me after 48 hours. DR ISIKOLO is honest in helping people and he can help you to if you decide today to contact him. His email contact: isikolosolutionhome@gmail.com You can also WhatsApp him on +2348133261196.
i want to share to the whole world how Dr Kachi the Great of all the Spell Caster, that helped me reunite my marriage back, my Ex Husband broke up with me 3months ago, I have been trying to get him back ever since then, i was worried and so confused because i love him so much. I was really going too much depressed, he left me with my kids and just ignored me constantly. I have begged him for forgiveness through text messages for him to come back home and the kids crying and miss their dad but he wont reply, I wanted him back desperately. we were in a very good couple and yet he just ignores me and get on with his life just like that, so i was looking for help after reading a post of Dr Kachi on the internet when i saw a lady name SHARRON testified that Dr Kachi cast a Pure love spell to stop divorce. and i also met with other, it was about how he brought back her Ex lover in less than 24 hours at the end of her testimony she dropped his email, I contacted Dr Kachi via email and explained my problem to Dr Kachi and he told me what went wrong with my husband and how it happen, that he will restored my marriage back, and to my greatest surprise my Ex husband came back to me, and he apologized for his mistake, and for the pain he caused me and my children. Then from that day our marriage is now stronger than how it was before, Dr Kachi you're a real spell caster, you can also get your Ex back and live with him happily: Contact Email drkachispellcast@gmail.com his Text Number and Call: +1 (209) 893-8075 his Website: https://drkachispellcaster.wixsite.com/my-site
It will amaze you to know that everything so many people have been testifying about DR ISIKOLO is nothing but the truth. My husband left me and my kids because we had so many fights and arguments. His people were also against my marriage with him. I loved him so much and had great hope that we will build a bright future together. I waited for 6 months and he never returned back to me. So i had to contact DR ISIKOLO who did everything in his power to reunite us and restore the love and happiness we once shared. He returned back home to us after 48 hours just as DR ISIKOLO assured me. You too can get this great help and live to be grateful to him because he never disappoints anyone. contact Him email: isikolosolutionhome@gmail.com You can also WhatsApp him on +2348133261196
i want to share to the whole world how Dr Kachi the Great of all the Spell Caster, that helped me reunite my marriage back, my Ex Husband broke up with me 3months ago, I have been trying to get him back ever since then, i was worried and so confused because i love him so much. I was really going too much depressed, he left me with my kids and just ignored me constantly. I have begged him for forgiveness through text messages for him to come back home and the kids crying and miss their dad but he wont reply, I wanted him back desperately. we were in a very good couple and yet he just ignores me and get on with his life just like that, so i was looking for help after reading a post of Dr Kachi on the internet when i saw a lady name SHARRON testified that Dr Kachi cast a Pure love spell to stop divorce. and i also met with other, it was about how he brought back her Ex lover in less than 24 hours at the end of her testimony she dropped his email, I contacted Dr Kachi via email and explained my problem to Dr Kachi and he told me what went wrong with my husband and how it happen, that he will restored my marriage back, and to my greatest surprise my Ex husband came back to me, and he apologized for his mistake, and for the pain he caused me and my children. Then from that day our marriage is now stronger than how it was before, Dr Kachi you're a real spell caster, you can also get your Ex back and live with him happily: Contact Email drkachispellcast@gmail.com his Text Number and Call: +1 (209) 893-8075 his Website: https://drkachispellcaster.wixsite.com/my-site
Hi everyone. My name is Nicolette Elliot I am here to thank great Dr Isikolo for fixing my marital problems. My marriage crashed due to unending problems and difficulties I had with my husband. He left without looking back and I was alone for so many months. His family intervened and still nothing changed. I was wrecked emotionally and lost hope in finding love again because he was everything in a man I ever wanted. Just like so many people, I got to know about DR ISIKOLO when I started searching for help. We discussed my problems at length and he assured me of getting the solution I needed. I had no choice than to comply with his procedures and he didn't delay anything. He did a love reunion bond for me and my husband and the love and happiness we shared was restored and he reached me exactly after 48 hours as DR ISIKOLO promised. He is indeed a wonderful helper and he is trustworthy. if you have any problems, just text him via WhatsApp +2348133261196 or email him via: isikolosolutionhome@gmail.com or review his website (https://isikolotemple.com)
i want to share to the whole world how Dr masako the Great of all the Spell Caster, that helped me reunite my marriage back, my Ex Husband broke up with me 3months ago, I have been trying to get him back ever since then, i was worried and so confused because i love him so much. I was really going too depressed, he left me with my kids and just ignored me constantly. I have begged him for forgiveness through text messages for him to come back home and the kids crying and miss their dad but he wont reply, I wanted him back desperately. we were in a very good couple and yet he just ignores me and get on with his life just like that, so i was looking for help after reading a post of Dr masako on the internet when i saw a lady name SHARRON testified that Dr masako cast a Pure love spell to stop divorce. and i also met with other, it was about how he brought back her Ex lover in less than 24 hours at the end of her testimony she dropped his email, I contacted Dr masako via email and explained my problem to Dr masako and he told me what went wrong with my husband and how it happen, that he will restored my marriage back, and to my greatest surprise my Ex husband came back to me, and he apologized for his mistake, and for the pain he caused me and my children. Then from that day our marriage is now stronger than how it was before, Dr masako you're a real spell caster, you can also get your Ex back and live with him happily: Contact Email doctormasako@gmail.com his Text Number and Call: +2349047144277 Visit his Website: https://doctormasako2.wixsite.com/drmasakospelltemple
I am out here to speed this good news to the entire world on how I got help from Dr Kachi a great lottery spell caster that will help you cast a lottery spell and give you the rightful numbers to win the lottery, I didn't believe lottery spell at first but as life got harder i decided to give a try, I spend so much money on tickets just to make sure I win. until the day I met Dr KACHI online, which so many people have talked good about, that he is very great when it comes to casting lottery spell, he told me the necessary things to do and behold it was like a magic, i won $20 Million Dollars Florida Powerball Double Play with the numbers Dr Kachi gave to me. his a really trustful person worthy and reliable, i am sharing this to you who have been finding it so hard to win the lottery, Thanks you Dr. Kachi who helped me contact email drkachispellcast@gmail.com OR Text Number and Call: +1 (209) 893-8075 Visit his Website: https://drkachispellcaster.wixsite.com/my-site
Do you need black magic spell ? Do you want to fix your marriage or relationship or you want to get back with your ex after a breakup ? Do you want revenge on your enemies or do you want a death spell cast on someone who has wronged you in the past ? If yes then let me recommend a tested and trusted voodoo man Dr noble who has helped me to destroy my enemy in the past that wanted to ruin my life with black magic, and also help me reunite with my ex. Here is Dr Noble's contact via noblespellhome at gmail. com or add him on whatsapp +2348129950262 . Thank you. kind regards
My name is Natasha Thompson from the USA/Texas.. Am so overwhelmed with gratitude to let the world know how Dr Kachi, the great spell caster changed my life for good. It all started when I lost my job and I was down financially and emotionally because I couldn’t be able provide for my two kids and staying home all day Jobless it’s not easy until I was checking on the internet when I saw a series of testimonies hearing people winning the Powerball lottery, I didn’t believed, but being poor no job you have no option. I gave it a try and I contacted Dr Kachi who told me what i have to do before I can become a big lottery winner and I accepted. He made special prayers for me in his temple and gave me the required numbers to play the lottery game and when I used the numbers to play it, I won a massive $344.6 million Powerball jackpot. I was so happy and I choose to review my winning in any platform, I would love other people to seek help from Dr Kachi through Text and Call: +1 (209) 893-8075 or email drkachispellcast@gmail.com by his website: https://drkachispellcaster.wixsite.com/my-site
I have been suffering from (HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS) disease for the past four years and had constant pain, especially in my private parts. During the first year, I had faith in God that i would be healed someday. This disease started circulating all over my body and I have been taking treatment from my doctor, few weeks ago I came on search on the internet if I could get any information concerning the prevention of this disease, on my search I saw a testimony of someone who has been cured from (HERPES VIRUS) by this Man Dr. harry and she gave the email address of this man and advise we should contact him for any sickness that he would be of help, so I wrote to Dr. harry telling him about my (HERPES VIRUS) he told me not to worry that I was going to be cured!! hmm I never believed it,, well after all the procedures and remedy given to me by this man few weeks later I started experiencing changes all over me as the Dr harry assured me that I have been cured, after some time I went to my doctor to confirmed if I have be finally healed behold it was TRUE, So friends my advice is if you have Any Type of Sickness Or Relationship Problem contact Dr. HARRY Email:: (drharrysolution@gmail.com Or What'sApp:: +2349036417079 .
I have been suffering from (HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS) disease for the past four years and had constant pain, especially in my private parts. During the first year, I had faith in God that i would be healed someday. This disease started circulating all over my body and I have been taking treatment from my doctor, few weeks ago I came on search on the internet if I could get any information concerning the prevention of this disease, on my search I saw a testimony of someone who has been cured from (HERPES VIRUS) by this Man Dr. harry and she gave the email address of this man and advise we should contact him for any sickness that he would be of help, so I wrote to Dr. harry telling him about my (HERPES VIRUS) he told me not to worry that I was going to be cured!! hmm I never believed it,, well after all the procedures and remedy given to me by this man few weeks later I started experiencing changes all over me as the Dr harry assured me that I have been cured, after some time I went to my doctor to confirmed if I have be finally healed behold it was TRUE, So friends my advice is if you have Any Type of Sickness Or Relationship Problem contact Dr. HARRY Email:: (drharrysolution@gmail.com Or What’sApp:: +2349036417079
My name is Giovanni Jahem. I have gone through rough times with different men finding true love and genuine acceptance until I met my husband who came into my life and loved me beyond words can explain. We lived together for 2 years and we were happy until too many arguments came up and we split our ways. I thought I could move on but I realized i was deeply in love with him and needed forever with him. I had no option than to seek help which led me to contacting Dr Isikolo knowing how he has been able to help others. He gave me his attention and did his best to reconcile us back together and in 48 hours, the result manifested and he came back to me and we made things up again. Now the love and happiness has been restored back and all I can say is that I truly appreciate Dr Isikolo for being selfless in helping me and others. His email contact: isikolosolutionhome@gmail.com You can also WhatsApp him on +2348133261196
My name is Matt. I'm here to say a very big thanks to Priest Salami and his great Oracle for saving my marriage. No one would have believe that I and my wife will ever come back together again as lovers. But this great spell caster reunited us in just 48hours. Priest Salami is truly a real and honest online spell caster. Contact him now on: purenaturalhealer@gmail.com. Whatsapp number: +2348143757229
i want to share to the whole world how Dr Kachi the Great of all the Spell Caster, that helped me reunite my marriage back, my Ex Husband broke up with me 3months ago, I have been trying to get him back ever since then, i was worried and so confused because i love him so much. I was really going too much depressed, he left me with my kids and just ignored me constantly. I have begged him for forgiveness through text messages for him to come back home and the kids crying and miss their dad but he wont reply, I wanted him back desperately. we were in a very good couple and yet he just ignores me and get on with his life just like that, so i was looking for help after reading a post of Dr Kachi on the internet when i saw a lady name SHARRON testified that Dr Kachi cast a Pure love spell to stop divorce. and i also met with other, it was about how he brought back her Ex lover in less than 24 hours at the end of her testimony she dropped his email, I contacted Dr Kachi via email and explained my problem to Dr Kachi and he told me what went wrong with my husband and how it happen, that he will restored my marriage back, and to my greatest surprise my Ex husband came back to me, and he apologized for his mistake, and for the pain he caused me and my children. Then from that day our marriage is now stronger than how it was before, Dr Kachi you're a real spell caster, you can also get your Ex back and live with him happily: Contact Email drkachispellcast@gmail.com his Text Number and Call: +1 (209) 893-8075 his Website: https://drkachispellcaster.wixsite.com/my-site
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It is always a pleasure to read your articles sir. Just want to clarify .. as it is mentioned that worst case of DS will depend on the least distance from the waterline of any critical opening that is not already assumed to be flooded ... Will it not matter that the critical opening is serving which compartment ... For eg 5S wbt may be a much smaller tank as compared to 4S wbt ... Will it not affect the result if the critical opening serves 5s or 4s ? Thank you for your efforts sir ...
It won't matter as far as it is a critical opening...
Good day sir!Ballast vent heads shoud we consider as the openings through which progressive flooding can take place?Air Vent Head which is installed on the vessel is required strict design and function according toclassifcation regulationand IACS P3 in order not to be infowed in tank by seawater
Hello my name is Susan from USA i want to share an amazing experience i had with the almighty Priest Ade, my husband Greg filed for a divorce i was really devastated i cried day and night everyday i told a friend of mine about the situation and she told me about the powerful spell caster Priest Ade i was feeling a little bit skeptical about it but i just decided to give him a try i did everything he asked me to do and he promised me 24hrs result and the next morning to my greatest surprise it was Greg on his kneels begging me to forgive and accept him back i'm so happy all thanks to Priest Ade he can also help you contact ancientspiritspellcast@gmail. com WhatsApp +2349054727023
I want to thank a very kind and powerful psychic who brought back my ex wife who left me she told me she wants to be alone and left me and the kids I was devastated everyday i keep thinking how i would live without her one day i was online when I found Priest Ade website then i contacted him, He told me not to worry she will be back in 24hours after he cast his love spell i had some doubt though but i just did all he instructed and had a little faith, To my greatest surprise the next day she was back to me and the family she told me she was sad because she couldn’t get pregnant since we have been trying but Priest Ade also solved that now she is 3 weeks pregnant I’m so excited i highly recommend him he is powerful and can help you too with different problems email him now at ancientspiritspellcast@gmail.com And his website https://ancientspiritspell.wordpress.com OR WhatsApp +2349054727023
I just want the whole world to know about this spell caster I met two weeks ago, I cannot say everything he has done for me my wife left me 3 years ago left with my kids I was going through online when I meant this wonderful man's testimony online I decided to give it a try and my wife is back to me now and we are happily married again cause is too much to put in writing all I can say is thank you very much am very happy Contact him today on oseremenspelltemple@gmail.com or whatsapp him on +2348136482342. www.facebook.com/Dr-odion-spell-temple-110513923938220
I just want the whole world to know about this spell caster I met two weeks ago, I cannot say everything he has done for me my wife left me 3 years ago left with my kids I was going through online when I meant this wonderful man's testimony online I decided to give it a try and my wife is back to me now and we are happily married again cause is too much to put in writing all I can say is thank you very much am very happy Contact him today on oseremenspelltemple@gmail.com or whatsapp him on +2348136482342. www.facebook.com/Dr-odion-spell-temple-110513923938220
HOW I GOT MY HUSBAND BACK WITH THE HELP OF PRIEST WISDOM CONTACT ON WHATS_APP NUMBER +2348124644470 This is my testimony about the good work of priest wisdom who helped me ... I'm Ann Earnis from North Carolina USA. And am sorry for putting this on net but i will have to, by this world best spell caster that brought back my husband who left me out for past 3 years, i eventually met this man on a blog site posting by one of is client for help, i explained everything to him and he told me about a spell caster that he had heard about and he gave me an email address to write to the spell caster to tell him my problems. In just 1 days, my husband was back to me. I just want to say thank you to this truthful and sincere spell caster, sir all you told me have come to pass and thank you sir. Please I want to tell everyone who is looking for any solution to their problem, I advise you to kindly consult this spell caster, he is real,he is powerful and whatever the spell caster tells is what will happen, because all what the spell caster told me came to pass. You can kindly contact him on: his email address is supernaturalspell0@gmail.com or directly on whats-app +2348124644470 https://supernaturalspell21.blogspot.com/ facebook page: https://web.facebook.com/PRIESTWISDOM11
hello sir i have another question about worst case condition; do we have to print out these worst case condition choosing one for each step of the operation or do we have take print out for overall process of operation from arrival to departure to a port, must be one unique condition for overall process cause saying worst so worst must be one ?
HOW I GOT MY HUSBAND BACK WITH THE HELP OF PRIEST WISDOM CONTACT ON WHATS_APP NUMBER +2348124644470 This is my testimony about the good work of priest wisdom who helped me ... I'm Ann Earnis from North Carolina USA. And am sorry for putting this on net but i will have to, by this world best spell caster that brought back my husband who left me out for past 3 years, i eventually met this man on a blog site posting by one of is client for help, i explained everything to him and he told me about a spell caster that he had heard about and he gave me an email address to write to the spell caster to tell him my problems. In just 1 days, my husband was back to me. I just want to say thank you to this truthful and sincere spell caster, sir all you told me have come to pass and thank you sir. Please I want to tell everyone who is looking for any solution to their problem, I advise you to kindly consult this spell caster, he is real,he is powerful and whatever the spell caster tells is what will happen, because all what the spell caster told me came to pass. You can kindly contact him on: his email address is supernaturalspell0@gmail.com or directly on whats-app +2348124644470 https://supernaturalspell21.blogspot.com/ facebook page: https://web.facebook.com/PRIESTWISDOM11