ship-energy-efficiency

Energy efficiency is the big deal these days. If we use less energy, not only we save the energy but we contribute towards lesser pollution too.

After all, the greenest energy is the energy you do not have to produce.

As a responsible citizen of this earth, if I wish to use lesser energy than I am using now there are few things I can do.

  • I can run my car to lesser miles than I ran last month so that I burn less fuel. This can be by using a bicycle for the shorter distance or using shorter routes for the travel
  • I can buy a car which has better mileage than my present car. So even after running the same distance, I have now used less fuel than the last month.

Ship energy efficiency is not much different than this.

For a very long time, ship energy efficiency was voluntary and ship owners were expected to understand their responsibility towards energy efficiency.

However, IMO felt a need to make the concept of “energy efficiency” as mandatory and thus the Annex VI of the MARPOL was amended to include chapter IV for ship energy efficiency.

In this post, we will discuss everything we need to know about the requirements of the ship energy efficiency.

Let us start.

Ship energy efficiency

When we talk about energy efficiency, there are not one but many way by which this can be achieved.

As I used the example of using a car.

We can buy a hybrid car. We can get the car serviced at regular interval so that it continues to be at its best at all times. And we can use the car only when it is required.

All these are the ways for using our car in energy efficiency ways.

For ship energy efficiency, the terms used may be different but a parallel can be drawn with these examples.

Here is what the concept of ship energy efficiency looks like.

ship-energy-efficiency-ways

 

So the ship energy efficiency is about these few terms

  • Energy efficiency design index (EEDI)
  • Ship energy efficiency management plan (SEEMP)
  • Energy efficiency operation index (EEOI)
  • IMO Fuel oil consumption Data reporting

When a vessel complies with these requirements, the ship is issued a certificate named “International energy efficiency certificate”.

Let us discuss all these terms in detail.

EEDI (Energy efficiency design index)

With the concept of EEDI, the aim of the IMO is to have the ships fitted with engines and equipments that are less polluting.

EEDI is the measure of the amount of CO2 emitted by the ship per capacity mile (tonne-mile).

Let me explain the term “tonne-mile”, just in case you have not heard it before.

Tonne-mile is the unit of work done by a ship.

Let us say that a ship with deadweight 20000 T travels 2 NM.  It has done 40000 tonne-mile of work.

Now coming back to EEDI.

EEDI is the amount of CO2 emitted by the ship (in grams) per tonne-mile of work.

energey-efficiency-design-index-EEDI

As the name suggests, EEDI is the tool that is used during the design or construction stage of the vessel.

If the ships need to be energy efficient as desired by IMO, IMO need to provide two things

  • The maximum value of EEDI required for the ship (Required EEDI)
  • The actual value of EEDI attained for the ship (Attained EEDI)

Required EEDI

MARPOL Annex VI, Chapter 4, Regulation 21 provides the formula for the required EEDI.

As per this regulation

required-EEDI

As you can see from the formula, there are two key terms used

  • Reference line value
  • Reduction factor

Understanding the calculation of reference line value is complex.

But if you wish to understand how the reference line value is calculated, you can go through the Resolution MEPC. 231(65): 2013 guidelines for calculation of reference lines for use with the energy efficiency design index.

In brief, the reference line value is the function of

  • Deadweight of the ship
  • Type of ship

Over the period of time, IMO wants to reduce the required EEDI value for the ships so that in future the ship’s engines are even more energy efficient.

For this, the regulation uses the “reduction factor” in the calculation of the required EEDI in different phases.

required-EEDI-phases

We are now in phase 1. This means that for any ship built today, the required EEDI value will be 10% less than the reference line value (required EEDI value in phase 0).

EEDI-reduction-factor

Attained EEDI

We know what is required from the vessel (required EEDI) with respect to the energy efficiency.

We now need to know the actual EEDI value (Attained EEDI) of the ship.

And when we have that value, the attained EEDI need to be less than the required EEDI.

Again the formula and process to calculate the attained EEDI are complex and we do not need to go in that direction in this blog.

But if you are interested to know about it you can go through the resolution MEPC.245(66) IMO Guidelines on the calculation of attained EEDI.

Here are few factors on which the actual EEDI value of the ship (attained EEDI) would depend upon.

1. Specific fuel consumption of engines

For producing the same amount of power, if an engine uses less fuel it would be more energy efficient as it would emit less CO2 too.

Specific fuel consumption is the measure of fuel consumed for generating a unit of power.

So attained EEDI would depend upon the specific Fuel consumption of ship’s engines.

2. Type of fuel used 

If the engines and other equipments work on fuel that produces less CO2, the vessel will be more energy efficient and will have lower attained EEDI value.

3. The speed of the ship

If the ship makes more speed with the same amount of engine power, the ship will be more energy efficient.

Higher ship’s speeds mean lesser attained EEDI value.

4. Deadweight of the vessel

5. Innovative mechanical energy efficient technology used

If the ship uses some innovative technology that reduces the wastage of the mechanical energy produced or that increases the efficiency of the engines, the ship would be more energy efficient and hence will contribute towards lesser attained EEDI value.

Above are only few factors and calculation of attained EEDI uses many other factors.

EEDI technical file

If we need to calculate the EEDI value for the engines fitted on board, many parameters related to these engines would be required.

All these parameters are provided in a booklet called “EEDI technical file“.

Marpol Annex VI, chapter 4 requires that each new ship for which chapter 4 is applicable need to be provided with EEDI technical file.

EEDI-technical-file-content

EEDI technical file is first created during the design stage of the vessel. During the design stage, a model test is done and the EEDI is computed on the basis of that.

A verifier (usually classification society on behalf of the flag) witnesses the model test, verifies the EEDI computation and reviews the initial EEDI technical file.

During actual sea trials, the actual parameters are measured and EEDI technical file is revised if required.

The attained EEDI value is also calculated based on this revised EEDI technical file.

Ship energy efficiency management plan

EEDI deals with the hardware part of the energy efficiency.

With the concept of EEDI, the new ships will now have energy efficient equipments that would generate lesser CO2 to the environment.

But having the good equipments is not the only way to be energy efficient.

There are many ways that are related to “how we operate the equipments and not on “What equipments we have”.

For example, it is more energy efficient to run two auxiliary engines at higher loads than run three auxiliary engines at lower loads.

Or it may be more energy efficient to take longer but good weather route than to take shorter but bad weather route.

There could be hundreds of good practices that can save fuel and thus emit less CO2 to the environment in transporting the same amount of cargo to the same distance.

SEEMP is the plan of all such practices that can be performed to achieve better energy efficiency.

Ship energy efficiency management plan (SEEMP) is a ship specific plan that provides a mechanism to improve the energy efficiency of a ship in a cost-effective manner.

SEEMP has been made mandatory for all ships as per Marpol Annex 4, regulation 22.

MEPC 280(70) provides the guidelines on the development of ship energy efficiency management plan.

SEEMP is divided into two parts.

The first parts list the ship specific measures that have been adopted by the company to improve energy efficiency.

It also defines the responsible person for each adopted energy efficiency measure.

Some of these measures could be…

SEEMP-part-1-energy-efficient-measures

Fuel efficient operations

SEEMP can provide the ship specific way in which the ship operations can be carried out in a fuel-efficient way.

Weather routing system

SEEMP may suggest the master to take into account the guidance provided by the weather routing services that the company has subscribed to.

Engine performance

A well-maintained engine would give optimum efficiency and save fuel. SEEMP may suggest completing the PMS jobs of engines on time.

Boiler use management

The consumption of the auxiliary boiler is significant. By smartly managing the use of boiler, a significant amount of fuel can be saved.

Some companies have preferred to install electric heaters for fuel heating to further reduce the need for boiler and thus saving fuel.

SEEMP may provide the ship with specific ways to use the boiler efficiently.

Draft and trim optimization

With the same deadweight, a ship at different trim may consume a different amount of fuel. Many companies conduct tests to get to know the optimum draft and trim for each ship.

SEEMP can suggest the ship specific draft and trim to maintain (whenever possible) for less fuel consumption.

Propeller and hull inspection/cleaning

A clean propeller and clean hull offer lesser resistance and thus better fuel efficiency. SEEMP can include the plan for regular underwater hull inspections and cleaning of hull and propeller.

There could be hundreds of such measures that can contribute towards energy efficiency of the vessel.

Out of these hundreds of available measures, SEEMP part 1 need to define what all measures the company has adopted for that particular ship or fleet of ships.

Part 2 of the SEEMP is applicable for the ships of 5000 GRT and more.

MARPOL Annex VI, regulation 22A requires that

From the calendar year 2019, each ship of 5,000 gross tonnage and above shall collect the data specified in appendix IX to the Annex VI of MARPOL, for that and each subsequent calendar year or portion thereof, as appropriate, according to the methodology included in the SEEMP.

Below is the data that is required to be collected and submitted to the IMO through flag state.

submit-data-part-2-SEEMP

The data is simple and require

  • Type of fuel consumed (for example, Diesel oil / Heavy oil)
  • Amount of each fuel consumed
  • Distance traveled
  • Hours underway

SEEMP part 2 clearly provides the specific guidelines on how this data needs to be collected.

For example in the case of fuel consumption, SEEMP part 2 would need to define how the fuel consumption need to be measured?

Do ship staff need to use the flow meter readings to note down the consumption?

Or do they need to use the opening stock + supply as per BDN – Closing stock to get the consumption?

The idea for the methodology of collecting data in SEEMP part 2 is to have the uniform way of collecting data.

EEOI (Energy efficiency operation Index)

SEEMP encourages the ship managers to monitor the energy efficiency of their ships.

There could be many ways and tools to monitor the energy efficiency.

EEOI is one of such monitoring tool suggested by the IMO.  The use of EEOI as a monitoring tool is voluntary and ship managers can use any other monitoring tool if they wish.

In simplest of the terms, EEOI is the amount of CO2 emitted by the ship per ton-mile of work.

So, it is the ratio of the CO2 emitted to the ton-mile (amount of cargo x distance covered).

But we could only know the amount of fuel consumed by the vessel. To know the amount of CO2 emitted from the fuel, we use “fuel mass to CO2 mass conversion factor”.

Each type of fuel is given a conversion factor.

fuel-to-co2-conversion-factor

The amount of fuel consumed when multiplied by this conversion factor would give the CO2 emitted by use of that fuel.

So the formula to calculate EEOI becomes…

EEOI-calculation

EEOI is a voluntary tool for measuring the operational energy efficiency. IMO MEPC.1/circ 684 Guidelines for voluntary use EEOI provides the guidelines for voluntary use of EEOI.

Most of the companies measure EEOI for each ship and for each fleet every 3 months.

Companies may have set the KPI or a target for reducing the EEOI number of ships.

Difference between EEOI and EEDI

Both EEOI and EEDI measure the same thing which is the energy efficiency of the ship (the amount of CO2 emitted per tonne-mile).

So what is the difference between EEOI and EEDI?

This is one of the confusion that a lot of people have.

The difference between these two terms is that EEDI is the measure of energy efficiency of the ship by design and EEOI is the measure of how efficiently the ships are operated.

EEDI is how well (energy efficient) a ship is built.

EEOI is the measure of how well (energy efficient) a ship is operated.

Apart from that in the calculation of EEDI, the ship’s summer deadweight is taken into account whereas EEOI calculates the CO2 emitted for actual cargo carried during that period.

So two sister ships will have the same EEDI as all the equipments and parameters will be same for both the ships.

But each of these two sister ships may have different EEOI. The reasons for different EEOI could be any of all of the following

  • One ship’s hull may be cleaner than the other ship
  • One ship may be operating the equipments (such as A/Es) when required and switch off when not in use or on lesser load
  • One ship may be monitoring the weather more carefully and adjusting the speeds and load on the engine
  • One ship may be using the trim optimization for better efficiency

In short, While the EEDI of two sister ships will be same but the EEOI for the sister ships may not be same as both the ships may be operating in different ways.

The one being operated in energy efficient way will have lesser EEOI for that period.

International energy efficiency certificate

As per MARPOL Annex VI regulation 6, an “International energy efficiency certificate” need to be issued to all ships of 400GRT and more.

This certificate is endorsing few facts.

One, if the required EEDI need to be known (as it is not required for existing ships). If yes, then what is the required value of EEDI?

required-EEDI-IEEC

Second, if the attained EEDI need to be known (as it is not required for existing ships). If yes, then what is the attained EEDI value?

Attained-EEDI-IEEC

And finally, if the SEEMP and EEDI technical file are provided to the vessel.

SEEMP-EEDI-technical-file-IEEC

Conclusion

The concept of ship energy efficiency is related to the emission of CO2.

There are four terms that define ship energy efficiency.

EEDI, SEEMP, EEOI and international energy efficiency certificate.

Energy efficiency design index (EEDI) defines the energy efficiency of the ship by design. It is the ratio of CO2 the ship would emit per ton-mile of the work done by the ship.

SEEMP is a ship specific plan that provides the ship specific measures that need to be implemented for energy efficient operations.

Energy efficient operation index (EEOI) is the voluntary monitoring tool provided by the IMO to measure and monitor the actual CO2 emission per ton-mile of transport work done by the ship.

International energy efficiency certificate endorses the fact that the vessel complies with the energy efficiency regulations applicable to the ship.

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Capt Rajeev Jassal

About Capt Rajeev Jassal

Capt. Rajeev Jassal has sailed for over 24 years mainly on crude oil, product and chemical tankers. He holds MBA in shipping & Logistics degree from London. He has done extensive research on quantitatively measuring Safety culture onboard and safety climate ashore which he believes is the most important element for safer shipping.

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79 Comments

Victor Levi
Victor Levi
May 28, 2018

Very Useful and informative again, thank you captain. You r the number one.

Rajeev Jassal
Rajeev Jassal
Jun 1, 2018

Thank you Victor...

Budi
Budi
Jun 14, 2018

Hybrid energy capt

Capt Jitender Sanyal
Capt Jitender Sanyal
Jun 25, 2018

Dear Capt Rajeev. You are the kind of teacher or instructor which a good training institute must have. Iam really impressed with the way you provide your knowledge in simple and nice manner that anyone can understand easily. Your blogs are really good and informative specially to junior officers who are looking for answers and appearing for exams. Please continue doing the good work. You are doing a fabulous job honestly. We mostly meet people in shipping too scared to share their knowledge you are right opposite..Kudos!!!

Rajeev Jassal
Rajeev Jassal
Jul 23, 2018

Thank you Capt Jitender for your nice and encourging words. It provides me fuel to continue doing what I am doing...

Arumainathan
Arumainathan
Aug 7, 2018

Great sir , easy to understand

Rajeev Jassal
Rajeev Jassal
Oct 14, 2018

Glad you liked it Arumainathan...

Ajeesh K Raghu
Ajeesh K Raghu
Oct 3, 2018

The best explanation....Thanks alot sir...

Rajeev Jassal
Rajeev Jassal
Oct 14, 2018

Thanks Ajeesh...

Jithin
Jithin
Oct 3, 2018

Thank you sir... from the bottom of my heart...

Rajeev Jassal
Rajeev Jassal
Oct 14, 2018

Thanks Jithin...

Zibi Kossak
Zibi Kossak
Oct 21, 2018

The best explanation!! Thank you sir

SATHISH LAKSHMIPATHY
SATHISH LAKSHMIPATHY
Nov 4, 2018

The ideas and details are so clear after going through the topic .. such a brilliant job .. The flow charts gives a better idea even before going through the relevant text .. Awesome work sir and I would love to keep reading your blogs throughout my career .. Thank you so much for this wonderful job.

boubaker
boubaker
Nov 13, 2018

Many thanks for this explanation captain , a small correction '''SEEMP has been made mandatory for all ships as per Marpol Annex 4, regulation 22.''' Annex 6 and not Annex 4.

Dhananjay gupta
Dhananjay gupta
Nov 25, 2018

Sir you are master of simplicity , the way you make thing easier to understand is something just beyond amazing thank u sir

SANDEEP KUMAR
SANDEEP KUMAR
Nov 25, 2018

The full form of EEOI is "Energy Efficiency Operational Indicator" and not "Energy Efficiency Operational Index". Contents of the material otherwise are commendable.

Dheepak parammal
Dheepak parammal
Nov 26, 2018

Easy to understand... thank you sir..

Amit kumar
Amit kumar
Dec 19, 2018

Great post very easy to understand

Mayur
Mayur
Dec 29, 2018

Best and easy explanation so far on any website.

Jithu Thomas
Jithu Thomas
Mar 8, 2019

Thank you very much Sir. Your explanation is so simple and easy to understand.

Shaytkaziev Dmitry
Shaytkaziev Dmitry
Mar 26, 2019

Excelent Material. Thank you Captain. Nice Explanation

Vikas kumar
Vikas kumar
May 8, 2019

Excellent sir Was able to understand the concept of EEDI & EEOI in one shot Thanks for sharing the information

Ashok Talap
Ashok Talap
May 13, 2019

Many many thanks to you sir, finally all my doubts got cleared.

ARUN KUMAR
ARUN KUMAR
Jun 29, 2019

I had lot of doubts regarding ship efficiency...this article cleared all my doubts. Thanks for the article Sir.

Javeed
Javeed
Jul 6, 2019

Clear understanding from the above explanation. Great work and appreciate your valuable inputs highly. Thanks a ton for such information sharing and making our lives easier.

Rishi kumar
Rishi kumar
Jul 23, 2019

thank you sir, very nice article

maaz
maaz
Sep 9, 2019

Thankyou sir..... Easy to understand

Mangesh Sardessai
Mangesh Sardessai
Sep 17, 2019

Thank you so much sir. Very helpful.

Shubham Singhal
Shubham Singhal
Sep 25, 2019

Thank you so much sir for this useful information and you explained very well in a simple language. Once again thank you.

Michael Stathopulo
Michael Stathopulo
Oct 22, 2019

Just a post I was looking for. This is something that could give me information about what I needed to know.

Sayed Farooque
Sayed Farooque
Nov 14, 2019

Excellent sir!!!

HORMUSJI KHAMBATTA
HORMUSJI KHAMBATTA
Dec 4, 2019

Excellent explanation in simple terms. Appreciate it. Thank you.

capt Yeshwanth raj
capt Yeshwanth raj
Dec 21, 2019

kindly continue with your good work

Abdul Mirshad
Abdul Mirshad
Dec 28, 2019

Excellent . Very easy to understand.

Peter
Peter
Jan 3, 2020

Thanks, but real world example would be worth to give. Our tanker vessel has attained documented EEDI as 2.632 g/tonne*nm. But our EEOI is between 7 and 12. So I wonder how comes that there is such big difference from EEDI?

sanjay Shukla
sanjay Shukla
Jan 14, 2020

Sir, really... I got my all rested topic doubts cleared... Thanks for such an awosome explanation... Can't stop to thank you.. Thanks a ton...

CaptainNemati
CaptainNemati
Jan 29, 2020

Thank you capt. for great explanation.

Konstantin Stoichkov
Konstantin Stoichkov
Feb 17, 2020

So clear,affordable and easy understandable explanation.It is very important for sailing people.Thank you for your efforts and continue .

Christopher chandran
Christopher chandran
Feb 25, 2020

Is Attained EEDI and EEOI are the same?

capt yew
capt yew
Mar 11, 2020

very simple and clear explanation, great job, well done and thank you

Pradeep
Pradeep
Mar 29, 2020

Simply brilliant i was having trouble understanding some terms u made it butter on roti! Thank you sir. PS: Is there any book authored by you wrt to anything, marine or anyother field.

Kira
Kira
Apr 4, 2020

C'est Code EEIO 3301

Keyur
Keyur
Aug 9, 2020

I was really lucky to have stubled upon this blog. I was looking for explanation of SEEMP and EEDI concepts and surfed through various pages, all in vain. Your explanation has been the most simple and easy to understand. Thank you so much and please keep up the good work you are doing. Thanks once again.

Rualf
Rualf
Aug 24, 2020

Indeed, I felt lucky, too, and I am truly thankful to the author, and really glad that such brave and intelligent person exists at all. It is not easy to put all that in such a readable format, and it is twice not easy to decide to do so, and to keep doing it. Bravo.

Jithin Raj K
Jithin Raj K
Aug 23, 2020

This is very simple and clear blog to get the perfect explanation.

Rualf
Rualf
Aug 24, 2020

Thank you for your great work, Sir. Impressive. It is indeed a real problem, the language of the official sources. As usual people say, official language is rather dry, far too universal, super hard to understand, is not intuitively readable, and all that by one well known reason: to cover an ass, as some say. To be protected from misunderstandings... And no matter that understanding itself gets super awkward if possible at all. I admire your courage and your brave and responsible mission, of putting all that information your way, in simple, plain, intelligent format that makes sense. Many thanks for that. Just a little remark, about this particular blog entry, that the source was so complicated, that even you, with all your dedication, could not help it much, and I felt heavy sleepiness trying to reach the end of an article. But this is of course not your fault. Many thanks again for your outstanding attempts to help people who do want to know however would prefer to remain alive from that super dry, far too formal format that exists in the official books. I really appreciate and admire what you do, and wonder how you manage to digest all those official books without falling asleep, you must be a very strong person, maybe a saint one ;) Thank you)

Vimlesh kumar
Vimlesh kumar
Aug 26, 2020

Oiler

Vimlesh kumar
Vimlesh kumar
Aug 26, 2020

Oiler

Rualf
Rualf
Sep 12, 2020

Dear Captain Rajeev, many thanks for this great article. However, I have some doubts on wordings somewhere. For me, measurements and calculations are two different things. Trying to understand the EEDI vs EEOI I came to impression that both of them were calculations, and not measurements, which logically is based on the statement that we do not measure actual CO2 emission and instead we calculate it from how much fuel was consumed per capacity mile. Therefore, very last words of your blog are confusing to me, where it says that "Energy efficient operation index (EEOI) is the voluntary monitoring tool provided by the IMO to measure and monitor the actual CO2 emission". While, based on your whole preceding explanation, I would reckon that the EEOI is a tool to calculate, and to monitor through this calculation, and not the actual emission, but still calculated emission based on actual fuel consumtion.

Wood Ship Kits - Ages Of Sail
Wood Ship Kits - Ages Of Sail
Sep 22, 2020

That's really informative post. I appreciate your skills. Thanks for sharing.

Shahid Ali Sheraz
Shahid Ali Sheraz
Oct 13, 2020

Amazingly written and in a very brief and easy way ny1 can understand

Mahesh
Mahesh
Oct 23, 2020

Excellent explanation sir. After someone reads your blog, I guess there is no need to look somewhere else.

Nitin Dongre
Nitin Dongre
Jan 10, 2021

Hi Rajeev, Excellent article - highly simplified and in depth.

Amar Anand
Amar Anand
Jan 14, 2021

Nice post sir....since many months no blog...expecting from u to write on EEXI and CII....God Bless you Sir

Sudeep Kumar Dwivedi
Sudeep Kumar Dwivedi
Jan 22, 2021

A heartful Big thanks to you Sir????

Anshu(2E)
Anshu(2E)
Feb 4, 2021

Hii Captain...ur way of covering the topics is excellent...its unmatched and top of the top...so much thnx for helping MARINERS....plz tell if i can be of any help..Wish u good health and happy life

Minakshi
Minakshi
Mar 27, 2021

How simply and with such ease you have explained. You are just superb. Makes everything simple. I have read many of ur articles, all are just awesome. Can't thank you enough. Damage stability too you explained so smoothly. Thank u very very much.

Viahak
Viahak
May 13, 2021

Sir , please note , you have mentioned that seems is made mandatory as per annex 4 reg 22 . I guess you intended to write maarpol annex 6 chapter 4 regulation 22. I humbly request you to correct it. Thank you for your efforts, the article was well organized and easy to understand.

phyo
phyo
May 13, 2021

Very helpful information

phyo
phyo
May 13, 2021

Very helpful information

SANDEEP  SRIVASTAV
SANDEEP SRIVASTAV
Jun 5, 2021

IS EEOI AND EEXI ARE SAME ? AND HOW WE CALCULATE EEXI OR EEOI FOR SHIP WITH BUILD IN 1999 ? THANK YOU

Shalabh Agarwal
Shalabh Agarwal
Jun 19, 2021

Amazing article to get the heck of it, as it is most commonly asked by all the surveyors in MEO exams. Just that the EEOI is Energy Efficiency Operational Indicator and not Index. The surveyors in India are very particular about this as they will certainly fail the candidate if they get to hear about it.

Prabhat Pandey
Prabhat Pandey
Jul 4, 2021

Sir this is wonderfully explained here...really good article develops deep understanding of the subject and really helpful for my class 4 examination..thanks alot

Pietro del Rosso
Pietro del Rosso
Jul 13, 2021

Excellent explanations!

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READ MY REVIEW HOW I WIN $158m CONTACT DR KACHI NOW FOR YOUR OWN LOTTERY WINNING NUMBERS. I was a gas station truck driver and I always playing the SUPER LOTTO GAME, I’m here to express my gratitude for the wonderful thing that Dr Kachi did for me, Have anybody hear of the professional great spell caster who help people to win Lottery and clear all your debt and buy yourself a home and also have a comfortable life living. Dr Kachi Lottery spell casting is wonders and works very fast. He helped me with lucky numbers to win a big money that changed my life and my family. Recently i won, ONE HUNDRED AND FIFTY EIGHT MILLIONS DOLLARS, A Super Lotto ticket I bought in Oxnard Liquor Store, I am so grateful to meet Dr Kachi on internet for helping me to win the lottery and if you also need his help, email him at: drkachispellcast@gmail.com and he will also help you as well to win and make you happy like me today. Text number OR Call: +1 (209) 893-8075  visit his Website, https://drkachispellcaster.wixsite.com/my-site

Matt
Matt
May 22, 2023

My name is Matt. I'm here to say a very big thanks to Priest Salami and his great Oracle for saving my marriage. No one would have believe that I and my wife will ever come back together again as lovers. But this great spell caster reunited us in just 48hours. Priest Salami is truly a real and honest online spell caster. Contact him now on: purenaturalhealer@gmail.com. Whatsapp number: +2348143757229

Julianna Davis
Julianna Davis
May 23, 2023

i want to share to the whole world how Dr Kachi the Great of all the Spell Caster, that helped me reunite my marriage back, my Ex Husband broke up with me 3months ago, I have been trying to get him back ever since then, i was worried and so confused because i love him so much. I was really going too much depressed, he left me with my kids and just ignored me constantly. I have begged him for forgiveness through text messages for him to come back home and the kids crying and miss their dad but he wont reply, I wanted him back desperately. we were in a very good couple and yet he just ignores me and get on with his life just like that, so i was looking for help after reading a post of Dr Kachi on the internet when i saw a lady name SHARRON testified that Dr Kachi cast a Pure love spell to stop divorce. and i also met with other, it was about how he brought back her Ex lover in less than 24 hours at the end of her testimony she dropped his email, I contacted Dr Kachi via email and explained my problem to Dr Kachi and he told me what went wrong with my husband and how it happen, that he will restored my marriage back, and to my greatest surprise my Ex husband came back to me, and he apologized for his mistake, and for the pain he caused me and my children. Then from that day our marriage is now stronger than how it was before, Dr Kachi you're a real spell caster, you can also get your Ex back and live with him happily: Contact Email drkachispellcast@gmail.com his Text Number and Call: +1 (209) 893-8075 his Website: https://drkachispellcaster.wixsite.com/my-site

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