What is Hedging: As per the business directory, Hedging is a risk management strategy used in limiting or offsetting probability of loss from fluctuations in the prices of commodities, currencies, or securities. In effect, hedging is a transfer of risk without buying insurance policies. Hedging is done by the various risk derivatives. To understand this, it is important to first understand the basics of risk derivatives.
Broadly speaking there are two types of risk derivatives. Exchange traded and over the counter derivatives. As the name suggests, exchange traded derivatives are traded in the international exchanges (for example New York Mercantile exchange, NYMEX), where standard contracts, terms of which have been defined by the exchange are traded.
Over the counter (OTC) derivatives are traded through dealers and the contracts are tailor made. OTC derivatives come with the risk of other party not fulfilling his obligations.
In the trade exchange, future contracts and Options contract derivative are normally traded and Oil/gas companies choose these two hedging contracts.
To understand these hedging techniques, assume that I am oil/gas Production Company and I am producing 100000 barrels in a month. Today’s crude oil price is $80/barrel. I am afraid that by next month , when I will have inventory of around 100000 barrels, the crude oil price may fall to below $75/Barrel, and I might make a loss of $500000 compared with today’s crude oil price. Lets see how I can use hedging to reduce this loss.
1. Future and Forward contracts:
(The fundamental difference between future and forward contracts is that one is traded in exchanges while other is traded OTC, here I will discuss Future contracts).
“Future contracts between two parties A & B is a contract where party B has the obligation to deliver a commodity on agreed date and party A has the obligation to pay on same date the price, which is agreed today”.
So in my case I am party B and in a future contract with A today, I agree to deliver 100000 barrels of crude oil on 11th Dec 2014 and party A agrees to pay the listed price for Dec 2014 in the trade exchange (say NYMEX). Let us assume the listed price for Dec 2014 is $81/Barrel. It is important to note that I do not have to actually (physically) deliver the crude oil to party A.
Now in Dec 2014 when I have produced 100000 barrels of crude oil. Lets consider two scenarios
Scenario 1: Crude price drops to $75/barrels as expected by me.
In the Physical market
I sell 100000 barrels of crude oil @ $75/barrel to get $7500000 where as I had expected $8000000 so I incur loss of $500000 in the physical market.
In the Future contract
My obligation is to deliver 100000 barrels of crude oil which in dec 2014 will cost me $7500000 @ $75/barrel. But party A has the obligation to pay me @$81/barrel so total of $8100000. This way in the future contract I make profit of $600000.
Net profit I make is $600000 (Future contract) – $500000 (Physical market) = $100000
So I have hedged the crude oil price with future contract.
Scenario 2: Crude price increase to $82/barrels.
In the Physical market
I sell 100000 barrels of crude oil @ $82/barrel to get $8200000 where as I had expected $8000000 so I have profit of $200000 in the physical market.
In the Future contract
My obligation is to deliver 100000 barrels of crude oil which in Dec 2014 will cost me $8200000 @ $82/barrel. But party A has the obligation to pay me @$81/barrel so total of $8100000. This way in the future contract I make loss of $100000.
Net profit I make is $200000 (Physical market) – $100000 (Future contract) = $100000
So in both case of crude oil price reducing or increasing, I have made more money than I had expected in Nov 2014. With different number, it might also show some loss, even with future contract but the loss will be much lesser than what would have been incurred without hedging.
2. Hedging by OPTIONS Contract
There are two types of options contracts. Call & Put.
The relevant contract for me as Oil/gas production company will be PUT options.
“When I buy PUT options contract from another party (say party A), I have the option to sell my commodity (crude oil in this case) to party A at a particular price but I am not obliged to do so. It is upto me, if I want to exercise my option to sell my commodity to party A. My this right has an expiry date and I can use my option on any date before the expiry”.
Off course I will only exercise my option if the price of the crude oil has decreased and not if the price of crude oil has increased. However to buy this right (option contract) I have to pay a premium to party A.
Let us assume that I buy “Put option contract” from party A at lock in price of $80/Barrel for crude oil. Table above shows, how after using “Hedging by Options contract”, I do not incur any loss even when the price of crude oil has fallen from $80 to $70.
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About Capt Rajeev Jassal
Capt. Rajeev Jassal has sailed for over 19 years mainly on crude oil, product and chemical tankers. He holds MBA in shipping & Logistics degree from London. He has done extensive research on quantitatively measuring Safety culture onboard and safety climate ashore which he believes is the most important element for safer shipping.
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HOW TO RECOVER A LOST OR STOLEN BITCOIN Those cryptos (Bitcoins) which you lost in the previous six months can be retrieved by this brilliant HACK ANGEL. He assisted me in recovering $63,830 in bitcoins that I had lost to online scammers. They promised me 10% interest on my investment every week, but all they did was ask for more money. Because of my carelessness, I almost lost my marriage until HACK ANGEL literally saved me. If you require assistance, please contact HACK ANGEL via EMAIL: hackangel@cyberdude.com. Whatsap: +1 203 309-3359; website: https://hackangel4.wixsite.com/hackangel. He also assisted a friend of mine in gaining access to a phone's messages, pictures, GPS, and call logs.
HOW TO RECOVER A LOST OR STOLEN BITCOIN Those cryptos (Bitcoins) which you lost in the previous six months can be retrieved by this brilliant HACK ANGEL. He assisted me in recovering $63,830 in bitcoins that I had lost to online scammers. They promised me 10% interest on my investment every week, but all they did was ask for more money. Because of my carelessness, I almost lost my marriage until HACK ANGEL literally saved me. If you require assistance, please contact HACK ANGEL via EMAIL: hackangel@cyberdude.com. Whatsap: +1 203 309-3359; website: https://hackangel4.wixsite.com/hackangel. He also assisted a friend of mine in gaining access to a phone's messages, pictures, GPS, and call logs.
HOW TO RECOVER A LOST OR STOLEN BITCOIN Those cryptos (Bitcoins) which you lost in the previous six months can be retrieved by this brilliant HACK ANGEL. He assisted me in recovering $63,830 in bitcoins that I had lost to online scammers. They promised me 10% interest on my investment every week, but all they did was ask for more money. Because of my carelessness, I almost lost my marriage until HACK ANGEL literally saved me. If you require assistance, please contact HACK ANGEL via EMAIL: hackangel@cyberdude.com. Whatsap: +1 203 309-3359; website: https://hackangel4.wixsite.com/hackangel. He also assisted a friend of mine in gaining access to a phone's messages, pictures, GPS, and call logs.
My humble regards to everyone reading comments on this platform and a great thanks to the admin who made this medium a lively one whereby everyone can share an opinion, I am Mrs. Beate Heister, from New York, United states. I'm a nurse by profession, I had a serious health issue that took me 8 months to get back to work, during this period of eight months I came across an advert with a lot of good comments under the trading broker platform. I was very interested so I decided to contact the trading platform and invest with them, after my first deposit I was told there is an increase in buying stocks so I had to send another funds and this whole thing continued for a good 6 months. before I could realize I was already bankrupt when I discovered that I have been scammed for a total sum of three hundred and fifty seven thousand dollars, I tried to get some recommended hackers online but I ended up getting scammed of an additional thirty-five thousand dollars, it hurts me so much, I already gave it up but then I came in contact with web site and Email: (INFO @ WIZARDWIERZBICKI . COM) who I also message directly via WhatsApp +44 7476 467601 and he responded to me urgently and helped me to get back all my funds, everything was sent to me at once. Wierzbicki Programmer proves to me that scammed crypto can be recovered. All thanks to Genius Recovery Advocate WhatsApp:+44 7476 467601 Email: WIZARDWIERZBICKIPROGRAMMER@GMAIL.COM There is no shame in becoming a scam victim of one of these sophisticated and predatory operations. By reporting you may be able to recover some or all your lost funds and prevent the scammers from targeting others. Their approach relies on working closely with forensic accountants and other experts, as well as law They have an excellent track record of holding scammers accountable, including asset freezes, Do not let scammers get away with your hard-earned cash, look for ways to recover your stolen funds To recover your Scammed funds back to your bank account or to your bitcoin wallet address also to Clear or Erase Criminal Records Telegram: https://t.me/wizardWierzbickiprogrammer
I URGENTLY NEED A LOVE SPELL CASTER TO BRING BACK MY EX-LOVER BACK FAST CONTACT DR EHIMARE VIA EMAIL: DOCTOREHIMARE5@GMAIL.COM OR WHATSAPP HIM +2349018966808 I have finally got my Joy back, I want to tell the world how my husband was cheating on me and no longer committed to me and our kids. when I asked him what is the problem All about he told me that he has fell out of loving me and wanted a divorce, I was so heart broken I cried all day and night but he left home I was looking for something online when I saw an article how the great and powerful spell caster called Dr Ehimare, have helped so many in similar situation like mine he email address was there so I sent him an email telling him about my problem he told me he shall return back to me within 24hrs I did everything he asked me to do the nest day to my greatest surprise my husband came back home and was crying and begging for me to forgive and accept him back he can also help you. Contact him for any kind of Spell, Via emil: doctorehimare5@gmail.com or WhatsApp number: +2349018966808
I want to share my testimony on how i got the blank ATM card. I was so wrecked that my company fired me simply because i did not obliged to their terms, so they hacked into my system and phone and makes it so difficult to get any other job, i did all i could but things kept getting worse by the day that i couldn’t afford my 3 kids fees and pay my bills. I owe so many people trying to borrow money to survive because my old company couldn’t allow me get another job and they did all they could to destroy my life just for declining to be among their evil deeds. haven’t given up i kept searching for job online when i came across the testimony of a lady called Judith regarding how she got the blank ATM card. Due to my present state, i had to get in touch with Hacker called OSCAR WHITE of oscarwhitehackersworld@gmail.com and he told me the procedures and along with the terms which i agreed to abide and i was told that the Blank card will be deliver to me without any further delay and i hold on to his words and to my greatest surprise, i received an ATM card worth $4.5 million USD , All Thanks to OSCAR WHITE , if you are facing any financial problem contact him asap email address is oscarwhitehackersworld@gmail.com You can also contact them for the service below * Western Union/MoneyGram Transfer * Bank Transfer * PayPal / Skrill Transfer * Crypto Mining * CashApp Transfer * Bitcoin Loans * Recover Stolen/Missing Crypto/Funds/Assets Email:oscarwhitehackersworld@gmail.com
Cryptocurrency Scam/Fraud Tracing & Recovery I never thought I will get scammed of all my assets on this exchange which I was warned by friends not to invest online or apply for exchange from unknown online investors, they stole all my life saving ranging to a total sum of $68k [sixty eight thousand dollars] worth of bitcoin, i started regretting my life untill i came acrose some article online about jamesmckaywizard a genuin hacker who is into any kind of hacking and helping people recover their lost funds via online scam, I still didn't believe bitcoin can ever be recovered, but had to once again trust my guts and instict. To my greatest surprise mr james was able to carry out the job neatly without any traces or complications all thanks to him and his team for offerring me a top notch services. To that one person or persons out there who really need a true and efficient hacker l would advice you to contact: Email: jamesmckaywizard@gmail.com / What's App:+91 98632 93475
Cryptocurrency Scam/Fraud Tracing & Recovery I never thought I will get scammed of all my assets on this exchange which I was warned by friends not to invest online or apply for exchange from unknown online investors, they stole all my life saving ranging to a total sum of $68k [sixty eight thousand dollars] worth of bitcoin, i started regretting my life untill i came acrose some article online about jamesmckaywizard a genuine hacker who is into any kind of hacking and helping people recover their lost funds via online scam, I still didn't believe bitcoin can ever be recovered, but had to once again trust my guts and instict. To my greatest surprise mr james was able to carry out the job neatly without any traces or complications all thanks to him and his team for offering me a top notch services. To that one person or persons out there who really need a true and efficient hacker l would advice you to contact: Email: jamesmckaywizard@gmail.com / What's App:+91 98632 93475
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Do you need a quick long or short term Loan with a relatively low interest rate as low as 3%? We offer business Loan, personal Loan, home Loan, auto Loan, student Loan, debt consolidation Loan etc.. no matter your credit score. Personal Loans (Secure and Unsecured) Business Loans (Secure and Unsecured) Consolidation Loan and many more. Contact US for more information about Loan offer and we will solve your financial problem. contact us via email: muthooth.finance@gmail.com Phone number: +917428831341 (Call/What's app)
We have direct access to genuine providers of Bank Guarantee (BG), Standby Letter of Credit (SBLC), Loan. Issuance is by AA rated Bank in Europe, Middle East, Asia and USA. We also monetize same BG/SBLC for 100% cash if you do not have a monetizer. Our bank instruments can be engaged in PPP Trading, Discounting Signature Projects like Construction, Oil and gas, Telecommunication etc. Please contact me for full details: Whatsapp : +16135085843 Name: Garvan Mairead Email: inquiry.trustedfinanceplc@gmail.com Skype : inquiry.trustedfinance@gmail.com
I NEED AN URGENT LOVE SPELL CASTER TO BRING BACK MY EX LOVER CALL/WHATSAPP +16692213962 My Husband broke up with me after 9years of relationship. It started from small misunderstandings after which he told me that it would be good to take a break, which I think turned into a breakup. He no longer looks for me, he blocked my number and people said they saw him with another woman, this brought tears to my eyes because we are about to marry, I searched for help when I came across this spiritual man called DR ONIHA who have helped many people having relationship problem, I talked with him about my situation and he described to me the process to get back with my lover, I followed his instructions and today I'm happy because my man came back after 5 months of breakup and we are happily married now. If you need the help of a spell caster for any kind of relationship problem contact DR ONIHA for a lasting solution. EMAIL: ONIHASPELLTEMPLE@GMAIL.COM Call/whatsaap number:+16692213962 Website: http://onihaspellls.com
I NEED AN URGENT LOVE SPELL CASTER TO BRING BACK MY EX LOVER CALL/WHATSAPP +16692213962 My Husband broke up with me after 9years of relationship. It started from small misunderstandings after which he told me that it would be good to take a break, which I think turned into a breakup. He no longer looks for me, he blocked my number and people said they saw him with another woman, this brought tears to my eyes because we are about to marry, I searched for help when I came across this spiritual man called DR ONIHA who have helped many people having relationship problem, I talked with him about my situation and he described to me the process to get back with my lover, I followed his instructions and today I'm happy because my man came back after 5 months of breakup and we are happily married now. If you need the help of a spell caster for any kind of relationship problem contact DR ONIHA for a lasting solution. EMAIL: ONIHASPELLTEMPLE@GMAIL.COM Call/whatsaap number:+16692213962 Website: http://onihaspellls.com
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We are Ireland based major/Direct providers of Fresh Cut BG, SBLC, POF, MTN, Bonds and CDs and this financial instruments are specifically for lease and sale.We are one of the leading Financial instrument providers with offices all over Europe. we always deliver on time and precision as Set forth in the agreement. You are at liberty to engage our leased facilities into trade programs, project financing, Credit line enhancement, Corporate Loans (Business Start-up Loans or Business Expansion Loans), Equipment Procurement Loans (Industrial Equipment, Air crafts, Ships, etc.) as well as other financial instruments issued from AAA Rated bank such as HSBC Bank Hong Kong, HSBC Bank London, Deutsche Bank AG Frankfurt, Barclays Bank , Standard Chartered Bank and others on lease at the lowest available rates depending on the face value of the instrument needed, Our Terms and Conditions are reasonable. DESCRIPTION OF INSTRUMENTS: 1. Instrument: Bank Guarantee (BG)/SBLC (Appendix A) 2. Total Face Value: 10M MIN to 50B MAX USD or Euro 3. Issuing Bank: HSBC, Deutsche Bank Frankfurt, UBS or any Top 25 . 4. Age: One Year, One Day 5. Leasing Price: 4+ 2% 6. Sale Price: 32+2% 7. Delivery by SWIFT . 8. Payment: MT103-23 9. Hard Copy: Bonded Courier within 7 banking days. If you have need for Corporate loans, International project funding, etc. or if you have a client that requires funding for his project or business, We are also affiliated with lenders who specialize on funding against financial instruments, such as BG, SBLC, POF or MTN, we fund 100% of the face value of the financial instrument. Inquiries from agents/ brokers/ intermediaries are also welcomed; do get back to us if you are interested in any of our services and for quality service. Name : Finn Walsh E-mail : everydayfinancedesignated@gmail.com Skype id : everydayfinancedesignated@gmail.com