ship-construction-terms

A seafarer may not be involved in the ship construction so much. But that does not mean that they need not know anything about it. For example if you see a crack in ballast tank, you should be able to tell exactly where the crack is.

It is only possible if you can identify the structures inside the ballast tank. Same applies to the other parts of the ship too.

We read about ship construction during our competency exams. Only problem is ship construction topics starts from the medium level and not from the basic level.

For example if we need to draw the construction of double bottom, learning just involves placing each component at its place without answering why.

The first step of studying the ship construction need to be knowing about the basic terms of ship constructions.

In this post I will discuss and explain 10 basic terms used in ship construction.

But before we do that, first lets discuss briefly what ship is made of.

What are ships made of

Ships are made of steel and we all know that. But what all forms of steel are used in building ships. I mean what shape of steel ?

Before learning anything about ship construction we need to know the shapes used in ship construction. Let us discuss few of these.

Plate

We all know what we mean by plate. It is a rectangular shape steel with certain thickness. The most common place you can see the plate in ship construction is the main deck and side of the ship.

Bar

There is only one principle difference between steel plate and steel bar. The steel bar has lesser cross sectional width than the steel plate.

This table gives a fair idea what cross section of a steel can be called a plate/sheet or a bar.

steel-plate-and-steel-bar

Beam

A beam is a structural element that increases load bearing capability and avoid bending of the structure. Beams can be categorized by many types but from point of ship construction, we need to categorize it through cross sectional shape.

For example, there are L-Shaped beams, C-shaped beams, I-shaped beams and SI-shaped beams. SI shaped beams are I-shaped beams with slight curved cross section.

type-of-steel-beams

Shape of the beams are not limited to these ones. It can be in many other shapes.

Now that we know the shapes and structure of the steel used in ship construction, we can discuss the ship construction terms. But we have to understand that all these structure will be a form of plate, bar or beam.

1. Keel

First thing first. When we say “Keel of the ship”, we are referring to a steel plate. Though it can also be in the form of steel bar but it is very rare these days.

Keel of the ship is the bottom most plate of the ship laid along the entire length of the ship.

keel-of-the-ship

During construction of the ship this is the first thing that is placed on the blocks. Because of this, laying the keep is considered to be the time when construction of the ship begins.

Keel laying also has the importance with respect to many IMO conventions as this is the date construction of the ship starts.

So keel is the steel plate with slightly more thickness than the other adjoining plates on its sides. This area need more strengthening because the ship sits on this area on the blocks, during construction as well as during dry docks.

We can consider the keel of the ship as the backbone or spine of the ship.

Years back keel laying involved actually laying the keel of the ship on the blocks. See below the keel of the titanic being laid.

keel-of-titanic

Nowadays keel laying is considered to be the time when first piece of the ship structure is placed on the the wooden blocks. Like see below the keel laying of cruise ship “Anthem of the seas“.

keel-laying-of-anthem-of-seas

2. Shell plating

Again when we say shell plating, we are referring to a steel plate. In this case it is too obvious from the name.

Shell plating is the steel plate used on the shell of the ship. The dictionary meaning of the shell is “hard outer covering”. So shell plating is whatever we see on outer side of the ship.

One of the main purpose of shell plating is to provide watertight skin of the ship. Apart from that it also adds to the longitudinal strength of the ship.

Ship construction requires us to be able to pin point each component. So when we say shell plating, it is a huge area. We can further divide this area in two broad parts, which is

  • Bottom shell plating
  • Side shell plating

I am so much sure that you already would know what these two terms mean.

shell-plating

Bottom shell plating is the shell plating on the bottom part of the ship. Or we can can that bottom shell plating form the watertight skin of the bottom of the ship. It is the plate laid in the horizontal direction.

To a certain extent we can say that even keel of the ship is also bottom shell plate.

Side shell plating is the shell plating on the sides of the ship that forms the watertight skin along the ship side. It is the plate laid in the vertical direction.

3. Deck plating

This is one is too obvious. Deck plating again is a plate. It is steel plate that forms the main deck of the ship.

deck-plating

As per the location, we can give a more specific name to the deck plating. For example accommodation deck plating or main deck plating.

4. Strake

To understand what strake is, we need to again understand the construction of shell plating.

I am dead sure you know that ship’s side plate (Shell plating) is not made of single metal sheet. It is made of smaller sections of steel plates. These smaller sections of the plate are welded together.

In old days these were riveted instead of welding.

Irrespective of with what method these plates are joined together, these are placed in a certain pattern.

Let us understand this with an example of box shaped ship. The smaller plates that we are talking about would look something like this for the box shaped ship.

shell-plating-of-box-shaped-vessel

In naval architecture and ship construction each of these plate has an identification. These are numbered in certain pattern. For example the plates on the side shell plating are numbered like this.

  • The plates are identified by a letter and a number
  • Each plate is given a letter in the vertical direction starting with A from the bottom.
  • Each plate is given a number in the horizontal direction starting from aft.

Now based on these numbering system the identification of plates for the box shaped ship would look something like this.

strakes-box-shape-vessel

Each section of the plate placed in fore and aft direction is called a “strake”.

So in the above example, we have A-Strake, B-Strake and so on.

If we want to be more specific, We can say that we have starboard A-Strake , starboard B-strake and so on. Similar naming will be on the port side.

For the bottom shell plating, similar numbering is done for the plates forming it. For the bottom shell plating

  • Plates are given a letter starting with “A” to the plate adjacent to the keel plate.
  • Plates and given a number starting from the aft

So the plate adjacent to the keel plate will have a identification of A1, A2 and so on starting with A1 from the after most plate.

Now there are three type of strakes that you would hear in ship construction. Let us see what these are.

Shear Strake

Shear strake is the top most strake of the Side shell plating. So if side shell plating has strakes from A to K, then K-strake is the shear strake. This is the strake that connects with the deck plating.

Can you identify the shear strake in the box shape ship example that i gave above ? Yes, you got it right. I-Strake is the shear strake in this case.

Shear strake is usually of higher thickness and strength than other strakes. This is because this strake can have lot of physical damages during the life of ship.

sheer-strake

Keel Strake

I earlier said that keel is a plate that is back bone of the ship. But keel plate is also made up of smaller sections of the steel plates. These strake of plates that form the keel of the ship is called Keel Strake.

The plates in the keel strake are number from aft to forward starting from the aft one which has the number “1”.

Unlike other strakes, keel strakes do not have letter associated with its naming.

Garboard Strake

Garboard strake is the first strake on each side of the keel strake. As we discussed in the bottom strakes, the first stake from the keel is named A-strake.

So we can also say that Bottom A-strake is called Garboard strake.

Now for the box shape ship, the naming of strakes might look simple but for actual ship with curved sides and flared bottom, it might not be that simple.

The naming and construction of side and bottom shell plating is provided in the “Shell expansion plan”.

Next time you get your hands on a shell expansion plan of your ship, try to read it to identify shear strake, keel strake and garboard strake.

So below picture shows how shell plating and Strakes are connected with each other.

shell-plating-strakes

5. Stiffners

A steel plate of 2mm thickness can be easily bent. If you lift this plate with the crane from its ends, it will most likely bend at the center. Now what can you do to avoid it from bending ?

One easy solution is to increase the thickness of the plate by welding two or more plates together. But in ship construction this is not a good idea. One among many reasons for this is that we do not want to increase the light weight of the ship.

The better option is to weld two of more flat bars either in fore and aft direction or athwartship direction.

In this case these flat bars will be called stiffners. Anything that is used solely to provide strength to a ship structure can be called a stiffner.

A stiffner welded in longitudinal direction is called “Longitudinal stiffner”. Same way a stiffners welded in transverse direction is simply called “transverse stiffner”.

Longitudinal stiffners and transverse stiffners can further will named according to various factors including the amount of strength these provide to the structure.

Let us discuss few of these.

6. Girder

Girders are one form of longitudinal stiffners. These are

  • Big size steel plate (or sometimes beams) connected to bottom of the ship
  • Runs in fore and aft direction
  • strengthen the ship against bending moment

Girders are also named according to its location. The girder at the center of the ship is called center girder.

In double bottom tanks, the thick solid metal plate that divides the ballast tanks into port and starboard tank is the center girder.

Apart from the center girder, there can be few girders on each side of the ship or double bottom.

Depending upon the breadth of the ship, there can be more than one side girder on each side.

While center girder runs in full depth of the double bottom tank, side girders may or may not run in full depth.

Though below photo is not that of a ship, it is good representation of a ship’s strengthening components. If you see in this case girder is further strengthened with something we may call “Vertical Stiffners” as there is no other specific name for it.

girder

7. Longitudinals

Longitudinal is short name for longitudinal stiffners.

In most cases the longitudinals are beams (mostly L-beams) and runs along the length of the ship. Double bottom space is the most common space where you can easliy identify longitudinals.

Longitudinals are further named depending upon what section these longitudinals are strengthening.

In double bottom ballast tank, longitudinals strengthening the bottom are called “bottom longitudinals”. Longitudinals strenghtening the top of the ballast tank are called “top longitudinals”.

If you have been to a double bottom tank, these longitudinals are difficult to miss. The bottom longitudinals are the one we sometime step on to avoid stepping in the left over water (or mud) of the ballast tank.

I am sure you can locate the longitudinals in above picture that I shared. If you cannot, I share it again with marking of longitudinals.

ship-longitudinals

8. Frames

Frames act as major transverse stiffners. Frames are

  • Big size steel plate connected to bottom of the ship
  • Runs in athwartship direction
  • strengthen the ship against buckling and bending.

We can consider the frames to be similar to the girders but with only one difference. Frames runs in transverse (Athwartship) direction.

If keel is the backbone of the ship, the frames are considered to be the rib cage.

Frames are numbered starting from aft perpendiculars.

9. Transverse

Transverse is the short name for “transverse stiffners”. These are different from frames in two ways. First unlike frames these do not extend to full height of the compartment. Second transverse are of lesser strength and thickness than frames.

Based on the location of transverse, these may be called “bottom transverse”, “inner bottom transverse” or even “deck transverse”.

transverse-ship-construction

10. Stringers

In the above photo, notice how the girder is stiffned. The stiffner is welded in vertical direction. If same stiffner is required to be welded in horizontal direction, it will be called stringer.

One of the location where stringer is mostly used is the forward part of the ship. Bow of the ship has to bear lots of stress and so requires extra strengthening.

stresses-on-bow-of-ship

I will limit myself with discussion of bow construction just to understand stringers. I will cover bow construction in detail some other day.

So among many other strengthening members, panting beams are used in this area to counter these stresses.

panting-beams-bow-construction

But even these beams need to be stiffened at the point where these connects with the side frame. Panting stringers does this job. As I said stringers are horizontal stiffeners (parallel to the water line).

panting-stringers

Conclusion

Ship construction is something that requires a lot of imagination to understand. But even if someone has a strong imagination bone in the body, knowledge of ship construction will still be difficult without knowing basic terms used in it.

These 10 terms are the basic of ship constructions and once we know these, ship construction will be a little easier task.

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Capt Rajeev Jassal

About Capt Rajeev Jassal

Capt. Rajeev Jassal has sailed for over 24 years mainly on crude oil, product and chemical tankers. He holds MBA in shipping & Logistics degree from London. He has done extensive research on quantitatively measuring Safety culture onboard and safety climate ashore which he believes is the most important element for safer shipping.

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119 Comments

Akash Pachghare
Akash Pachghare
Oct 14, 2016

Sir i have recently completed my JET for 6 months. Now preparing for class4. This information you gave is not new to me. But the way you explained things was awesome. I am definitely not going to forget this. Looking forward for same great stuff.

Rajeev Jassal
Rajeev Jassal
Oct 16, 2016

Glad you liked it Akash..

NICOLAS
NICOLAS
Oct 14, 2016

Very good article..... Also try this one on the web.. http://www.libramar.net/news/dnv_hull_structure_course/2015-02-25-2134.......It's about hull structure, It's very good...

Gopalakrishnan P
Gopalakrishnan P
Oct 15, 2016

First of all l take this oppertunity to appreciate you, for your efffort taken to post this very usefull Blog. This blog is very usefull to everyone in shipping field..

Rajeev Jassal
Rajeev Jassal
Oct 16, 2016

Thank you Gopalakrishnan..

Abhishek Kumar
Abhishek Kumar
Oct 15, 2016

Thanks a ton sir.Blogs are immensely helpful.

Rajeev Jassal
Rajeev Jassal
Oct 16, 2016

Glad you found it helpful Abhishek..

Soumen Guha Roy
Soumen Guha Roy
Oct 30, 2016

Sir,first of all i would like to thank you for the blogs,these are so simply written so that everyone can understand,quite helpful also to understand the basics.If you can write something about MS Act 1958,it can be more helpful.

Rajeev Jassal
Rajeev Jassal
Oct 31, 2016

Thanks Soumen. Sure I will consider writing on MS act. Meanwhile if you have any particular question, you can ask on our new section "Questions".

rahul k
rahul k
Dec 21, 2016

wonderful explanation sir

Rajeev Jassal
Rajeev Jassal
Dec 29, 2016

Glad you liked it Rahul..

Aman Tandon
Aman Tandon
Feb 1, 2017

I have been going through your blog from quite sometime now.They are really helpful! Thank you :)

Rajeev Jassal
Rajeev Jassal
Jul 2, 2017

Thanks, Aman...

mokrane toufik
mokrane toufik
Apr 13, 2017

really helpful,many thanks

Rajeev Jassal
Rajeev Jassal
Jul 2, 2017

Thanks for reading Mokrane...

ramon abad
ramon abad
Jul 17, 2017

this is very educational for me...

Rajeev Jassal
Rajeev Jassal
Nov 29, 2017

Glad to know that Ramon...

vignesh
vignesh
Sep 25, 2017

really good article easy to understand.

Rajeev Jassal
Rajeev Jassal
Nov 29, 2017

Thank you Vignesh...

Ridwan Parindang
Ridwan Parindang
Sep 25, 2017

Informative article, easy to understand, thanks

Rajeev Jassal
Rajeev Jassal
Nov 29, 2017

Glad you liked it Ridwan...

ARUNAVA MAZUMDER
ARUNAVA MAZUMDER
Sep 25, 2017

Ur explanation is very helpful with supportive pictures. Even as a senior ranked engineer I felt ur article was much helpful. Thank u. Keep it up & would like to read more of ur article.

Rajeev Jassal
Rajeev Jassal
Nov 29, 2017

Glad to hear that Arunava...

AYUSH SHARMA
AYUSH SHARMA
Nov 28, 2017

Sir, really thankful to you making such a clear and good explanation of ships construction, it was well labeled and very simple words used in explanation, and the image ugh too good. Thanks.

Rajeev Jassal
Rajeev Jassal
Nov 29, 2017

Glad you liked it Ayush...

Satya Pranay
Satya Pranay
Dec 6, 2017

Hello Sir , Was going through the page and was confused about the part " identification of plates for the box shaped ship would look something like this" if i am not mistaken you were trying to explain about the shell expansion plan in here right. the Alphabet I would not be there if i am not wrong, and can you please throw some light on shell expansion plan further. Wanted to know if thickness of side shell platings will be mentioned in the Shell Expansion plan.

Rajeev Jassal
Rajeev Jassal
May 12, 2018

Yes, Thickness is mentioned in shell expansion plan. I will cover this topic in one of my future blogs.

Satya Pranay
Satya Pranay
Dec 6, 2017

Btw great blog sir !!! Thanks for the detailed info :)

Rajeev Jassal
Rajeev Jassal
May 12, 2018

Glad you liked it Satya...

R.crossLin
R.crossLin
Dec 10, 2017

Very good basic explaination

Rajeev Jassal
Rajeev Jassal
May 12, 2018

Thanks....

Ercan Altay
Ercan Altay
Jan 9, 2018

Thanks a lot for your all efforts making all topics so easy to understand

Rajeev Jassal
Rajeev Jassal
May 12, 2018

Thanks Ercan...

Mohamed Elhefny
Mohamed Elhefny
Jan 14, 2018

Thanks for the add Thank for the information

Rajeev Jassal
Rajeev Jassal
May 12, 2018

Thanks Mohamed...

Krunal
Krunal
Jan 31, 2018

Due to this now i have understood most of the things..you have make it so simple to understand us...becoz of ur vast and deep experience..thank u for sharing..expecting more..rightnow m preaparing for class4

Rajeev Jassal
Rajeev Jassal
May 12, 2018

Glad you found it useful Krunal...

mukesh kumar
mukesh kumar
Feb 18, 2018

Sir your explanation is very good .Please provide more information about ship construction..

Rajeev Jassal
Rajeev Jassal
May 12, 2018

Glad you liked it Mukesh. I will cover more topics on ship construction in future...

Carlo
Carlo
Apr 5, 2018

Sir really thank you for this information. Looking forward to your other work about this field.

Rajeev Jassal
Rajeev Jassal
May 12, 2018

Thanks Carlo...

Amit Joshi
Amit Joshi
Apr 11, 2018

Very nicely explained.... Ship construction is really tough topic for us.....as u rightly said, it is started mid level rather from basics Thanks for clearing some basics....really helpful article

Rajeev Jassal
Rajeev Jassal
May 12, 2018

Thanks Amit...

Aditya
Aditya
Apr 12, 2018

This article is like braille for blinds. Simple and powerful

Rajeev Jassal
Rajeev Jassal
May 12, 2018

Thanks Aditya....

Sameer Saurabh
Sameer Saurabh
Apr 18, 2018

Very helpful thank you so much sir for these information helped me in preparation for the 2nd mate orals.

Rajeev Jassal
Rajeev Jassal
May 12, 2018

Glad you found it useful Sameer....

Pius Anthony
Pius Anthony
Apr 19, 2018

Good day, Mr Rajeev am very greatful for your articles, it really improve me a little, because am preparing for my oow examination in Nigeria maritime academy. please sir I still need more knowledge of ship construction from you am going for engineering. thanks Pius Anthony

Rajeev Jassal
Rajeev Jassal
May 12, 2018

Glad you found it useful Pius...

Israel chim Wofu
Israel chim Wofu
May 5, 2018

Thank you for your good explanation of those basic ship construction terms. I have some questions to ask sir. What are the structural members of the ship that counters yawning.heaving. swaying.surging. rolling and pitching. Thanks

Chirag Karelia
Chirag Karelia
May 12, 2018

Thanks alot sir, very good explanation.

USMAN
USMAN
May 24, 2018

capt what a incredible way you adopted to explain these terms..I am really impressed..thanks for sharing your precious knowledge

Amit Saha
Amit Saha
May 24, 2018

Main deck plating, where more strengthning?

monu ahlawat
monu ahlawat
Jun 8, 2018

your articles are really awesome...even after studying different book can't clear doubts, but yours are so understandable....thanks again sir...

Sujeet kumar
Sujeet kumar
Jun 8, 2018

Thank you so much rajeev sir, REALLY you have explained these 10 terms very well. Thank you

MAYUR SUDHIR PARAB
MAYUR SUDHIR PARAB
Jun 23, 2018

Dear Sir, It's lot easier to learn Ship Const. after going through these neatly explained basic terms. Thanks!!

Shresth Srivastava
Shresth Srivastava
Jul 5, 2018

Thank You soo much sir, for the easy and beautiful explanation. Preparing for Chief Mates oral exam and all your articles are really very helpful. Thanks a lot Sir. :)

Akarshan Sood
Akarshan Sood
Aug 13, 2018

Very useful. Thanks for sharing.

Ganeswar pal
Ganeswar pal
Aug 18, 2018

Very good as u explained .

Vignesh balu
Vignesh balu
Aug 18, 2018

Very informative ant to the point

David conceicao
David conceicao
Aug 21, 2018

Captain, this was a really good lesson in understanding the basics first of ship construction. I'm going aboard soon as deck cadet and this will surely help me in my pre sea course.

Rohit raveendran
Rohit raveendran
Aug 28, 2018

Thank you so much for the notes captain

muhammad tahir khan
muhammad tahir khan
Sep 23, 2018

v nice sir thank you

muhammad tahir khan
muhammad tahir khan
Sep 23, 2018

good day sir i still confuse about the " transvers " what is the purpose of the transvers member of ship structure

Sujit Agawane
Sujit Agawane
Nov 9, 2018

Thanks Sir,,!!!!!!

Rishabh
Rishabh
Dec 2, 2018

This is very lucid. Able to understand these very good after this article. Thank you Sir.

Amit chauhan
Amit chauhan
Dec 28, 2018

Sir the way you explain i love it . The best thing of your blog is that ,i love most ,after reading there is no question arise that i need explaination. thank you very much sir to share your knowledge ... keep writing

Salawudeen Kayode Holyfield
Salawudeen Kayode Holyfield
Dec 31, 2018

Welldone sir, well ellaborated.. Am an MSc Student of Middlesex University UK and presently we've just concluded the course 'Ship designs and Systems', your simple explanations and pictoral illustrations really helped in differentiating the structural members and their functions from each other.. Thanks once more, more grease to your elbow.

Shakil Ahmad
Shakil Ahmad
Jan 26, 2019

it was just awesome with picture. thanks sir

Niels Bogholm
Niels Bogholm
Mar 14, 2019

Awesome presentation of some fundamental topics in shipbuilding, very helpful thanks,

Mosarof Hossain
Mosarof Hossain
Apr 14, 2019

Beautiful article sir with super self-explanatory image. I would suggest this to any of my friends having trouble understanding basic ship construction terms.

Ahmed
Ahmed
May 25, 2019

Why we cant use the letter I in lettering ?

Mahesh
Mahesh
Jul 16, 2019

Hello Rajeev, we are considering doing a NB for a ropax ferry in India. We need a very good supdt. engineer who knows ship building well with lots of experience to oversee the project. Anyone you may know please refer to me. Thanks. Mahesh

Jeffrey
Jeffrey
Oct 13, 2019

Your explanation is awesome thanks alot

Hitesh Kalal
Hitesh Kalal
Nov 26, 2019

Sir thank you so much..i m preparing for class 2 and this subject i am studying from collage days but today only i understood its basics completely....your way of explainig is really so much helpful...Thank you so much again Sir

Anup
Anup
Dec 1, 2019

Sir share some information on trestle used in ships which carry the load during the construction and repair of the ships. Construction of trestle, the load carrying capacity and the force acting on the trestle.

Kumar Paritosh
Kumar Paritosh
Dec 8, 2019

Best explanation, easy to imagine

Nithin Augustine
Nithin Augustine
Dec 11, 2019

Dear Sir. Your write ups are helping me a lot in preparations for class 1 MEO. Thank you very much.

Ananthanunni
Ananthanunni
Dec 23, 2019

Good day Sir, The information was so much helpful for the easy understanding of the normal terms in construction. So much helpful in examination point of view also.

Abishai Satheesh Kumar
Abishai Satheesh Kumar
Jan 5, 2020

Reading this while preparing for an exam. So to the point and easy to understand, thank you for this resource.

emma
emma
Feb 2, 2020

Thanks, Sophie… I appreciate our insight regarding the separation anxiety in dogs. Loneliness triggers separation anxiety in the dogs which is considered as a mental disorder. paint by number kits

Jishu
Jishu
Mar 10, 2020

Is there any reason behind the name "garboard" for garboard strake...??

Ed
Ed
Apr 17, 2020

Used to be in the Navy, and lots I wanted to know, but didnt know. Thanks!

George Bradford
George Bradford
Jul 2, 2020

Great Article. Thanks for posting.

SKARIAH PONNACHAN
SKARIAH PONNACHAN
Jul 20, 2020

Very easy to understand and explained in a very simple,practical manner.Thanks for posting.

vijaykumar vasitti
vijaykumar vasitti
Jul 27, 2020

sir your posts are very very easy to understand i have read these terms before but never so easy to keep in mind, thanks a lot for your efforts

Husen sayyad
Husen sayyad
Sep 9, 2020

Very informative...

Abhishek Ganwir
Abhishek Ganwir
Sep 9, 2020

Thank you very much it really helps alot..

ANKUSH
ANKUSH
Oct 16, 2020

Can you let me know about webframe

Rajesh Raghunathan
Rajesh Raghunathan
Oct 19, 2020

Thank you Capt Saab for a fantastic explanation in such a simple language . It was indeed informative and enjoyable to read .

Ages Of Sail
Ages Of Sail
Nov 20, 2020

That's really nice post. I appreciate your skills, Thanks for sharing.

Kiran Narayanan
Kiran Narayanan
Dec 8, 2020

This is really great stuff. Hats off to you for explaining the concepts in such a simple and clear manner. Hoping to see more such content soon.

Samisoni Tanalaba
Samisoni Tanalaba
Dec 12, 2020

What is the difference between Transverse and Arthwartship?

bobby tomar
bobby tomar
Dec 21, 2020

Thanks sir, this presentation was marvellous . what i failed to learn during my online class over the year . i learnt it in just 10 minutes. very well explained . thanks .

Azeez Oyebode
Azeez Oyebode
Apr 27, 2021

May God bless you for this relevant material. Indeed,you have solved my problem in ship construction

Sallieu
Sallieu
Apr 28, 2021

I was trying to sign up, but i can't.

Wood ship kit - Ages Of Sail
Wood ship kit - Ages Of Sail
May 3, 2021

That's really nice post. I appreciate your skills. Thanks for sharing.

Ajay raj
Ajay raj
Aug 17, 2021

Thank you sir this has been very helpful

Agustin Abaroa
Agustin Abaroa
Aug 24, 2021

Dear Captain Rajeev Jassal. Albert Einstein said: If you can't explain it simply, you don't understand it well enough. Thank you for sharing your knowledge. Your article is very easy to understand. Great Job. Senior Marine Engineer Agustin Abaroa from México.

Gohar Farooqi
Gohar Farooqi
Aug 26, 2021

If you are looking for one of the best construction company in Pakistan, GVT - Geovision Technologies Pvt Ltd is the one you are searching for. https://gvt.com.pk/

saad ali
saad ali
Nov 10, 2021

Really very very helpful sir. I needed this to understand for my EDH oral exam. Love from Pakistan

Uwah Emmanuel
Uwah Emmanuel
Nov 25, 2021

Honestly I haven't find an article so simple and useful like this b4. Thanks so much sir for ur effort and knowledge shared. I have studied boat and ship Building Technology for 2 years, I'm looking forward to specializing in that. I will appreciate any of your help rendered sir. Thank you

Bkhtiyar
Bkhtiyar
Nov 26, 2021

Hello Captain, Good time,,, May you please explain regarding Middle line strake in Inner Bottom Plating with some picture? Thank you.

Lakhvinder singh khaira
Lakhvinder singh khaira
Dec 10, 2021

Thank u sir for giving good knowledge on ship

Todd
Todd
Jan 31, 2022

Very helpful. Thank You very much!. I now know what a stringer is! Question: What is maximum length of Center Girder in modern large ships?

Aiman Al Hattami
Aiman Al Hattami
Feb 2, 2022

Very useful posting as usual very helpful knowledge come from you always. thank.

Deck Contractors
Deck Contractors
Feb 14, 2022

Whether your home already has a patio area or decking in place, or it sits on a lot full of grass, we can solve all your needs fast. From new construction jobs to replace old, worn out items, we leave your decks appearing their loveliest for less each time. When you need impressive decks built fast and affordable pricing, we remain the best choice for more homeowners. http://qualityestatemanagement.com/deck-contractors/

Sandeep Sahu
Sandeep Sahu
May 28, 2022

Thanks for your support

Shivam
Shivam
Oct 1, 2022

Great explanation wonderfull

Isabella Lucas
Isabella Lucas
Nov 11, 2022

My ex-husband and I had always managed to stay friendly after our divorce in February 2017. But I always wanted to get back together with him, All it took was a visit to this spell casters website last December, because my dream was to start a new year with my husband, and live happily with him.. This spell caster requested a specific love spell for me and my husband, and I accepted it. And this powerful spell caster began to work his magic. And 48 hours after this spell caster worked for me, my husband called me back for us to be together again, and he was remorseful for all his wrong deeds. My spell is working because guess what: My “husband” is back and we are making preparations on how to go to court and withdraw our divorce papers ASAP. This is nothing short of a miracle. Thank you Dr Emu for your powerful spells. Words are not enough. Email emutemple@gmail.com Phone/WhatsApp +2347012841542.

Gerald muswagon
Gerald muswagon
Feb 2, 2023

I want to genuinely thank Dr Ayoola for making my dream come through. I was on the internet when I saw people posting and talking about Dr Ayoola. On How he has help them in winning lottery. My name is Gerald Muswagon this is my story on how I win $10 million After reading the article about Dr Ayoola I contacted him I told him to help me win lottery he respond to me by saying he will help me after working with him he assured me that I will win. Which I believe. After working with Dr Ayoola he gave me a number and ask me to go and play it which I did today I’m here shearing a testimony about this same man Dr Ayoola help me to win $10 million dollars all thanks to you Dr I will keep taking about your good because you are a man of your word I hope people that really need this will come across it for you to help them as well. If you want to win big in lottery contact Dr Ayoola today and be rest assured of winning contact him via email drayoolasolutionhome@gmail. com or https://www.facebook.com/Dr-Ayoola-105640401516053/ text or call +14809032128

Air Mauritius Airlines
Air Mauritius Airlines
Mar 30, 2023

Air Mauritius Limited is the fourth-largest airline in Sub-Saharan Africa. Air Mauritius Dhaka Office Limited operates Air Mauritius. It is the national carrier of Mauritius. Its headquarter is in Port Louis, the island’s capital. Its primary base is Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam (SSR) International Airport. It runs flights from there. It runs regular flights to more than 100 locations in 34 nations in Asia, Europe, Africa, and the Middle East. On June 1, 2019, Air Mauritius won the World Travel Awards. In the past 17 years, the national airline of Mauritius has earned the title. The title is Leading Airline in the Indian Ocean 14 times.https://www.myairticket.co/air-mauritius-dhaka-office/

seo agency santa barbara
seo agency santa barbara
Apr 6, 2023

Its headquarter is in Port Louis, the island’s capital. Its primary base is Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam (SSR) International Airport. It runs flights from there https://seoagencysantabarbara.com

Maps for Lifetime FSC Customers
Maps for Lifetime FSC Customers
Apr 18, 2023

Its settle is in Port Louis, the island's capital. Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam (SSR) International Airport serves as its primary base. https://bmwmapsupdates.com/

Atlanta Limousine Company
Atlanta Limousine Company
Apr 28, 2023

Its settle is in Port Louis, the island's capital. Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam (SSR) International Airport serves as its primary base. https://reliablelimo.net/

baumaschinen ersatzteile
baumaschinen ersatzteile
May 8, 2023

It runs flights from there. It runs regular flights to more than 100 locations in 34 nations in Asia, Europe, Africa, and the Middle East. On June 1, 2019, https://www.baumashop24.com/

Susan Harrington
Susan Harrington
May 13, 2023

Hello everyone out here!! My Fiancée Lesbian who left me is back, I want to share my testimony it's my happiness with you all in this site, last year my Lesbian Wife left me for another woman, she abandon me alone and I miss her, since everything was so hard for me because i really love her so much, i didn’t lose hope i try my best to get her back when i was searching online and read testimonies of Dr Kachi how he has been helping ladies in getting there Ex lover back, I had no option than to seek for help, i contacted Dr Kachi explain my problem to him, Dr Kachi Guarantee me not to worry that's going to help me cast a return love spell for me, that will bring my Lesbian Wife back and assure me within 2days, it was just like a magic my wife who left me surely return back, i couldn't believe when she live the other lady and she come back to me with so much love and caring will are together now, I will never forget this help that Dr Kachi did for me, a love spell that brought my wife back. If you are here and you need help to get your Ex Lesbian back do contact Dr Kachi through this email: drkachispellcast@gmail.com I'm proud to be on his testimony page. His Number Text and Call +1 (209) 893-8075 Visit his Website: https://drkachispellcaster.wixsite.com/my-site

Matt
Matt
May 22, 2023

My name is Matt. I'm here to say a very big thanks to Priest Salami and his great Oracle for saving my marriage. No one would have believe that I and my wife will ever come back together again as lovers. But this great spell caster reunited us in just 48hours. Priest Salami is truly a real and honest online spell caster. Contact him now on: purenaturalhealer@gmail.com. Whatsapp number: +2348143757229

Vivian Marcus
Vivian Marcus
7 hours ago

Hello my name is Vivian Marcus from the United State, i'm so exciting writing this article to let people seek for help in any Break up Marriage and Relationship, Dr Kachi brought my Ex Boyfriend back to me, Thank you Sir Kachi for helped so many Relationship situation like mine to be restored, i was in pain until the day my aunt introduce me to Dr Kachi that she got her husband back with powerful love spell with help of Dr Kachi So i sent him an email telling him about my problem how my Boyfriend left me and cheating on me because of her boss lady at work i cry all day and night, but Dr Kachi told me my Boyfriend shall return back to me within 24hrs and to me everything he asked me to do the next day it was all like a dream when he text me and said please forgive me and accept me back exactly what i wanted, i am so happy now as we are back together again. because I never thought my Ex Boyfriend would be back to me so quickly with your spell. You are the best and the world greatest Dr Kachi. if you're having broke up Ex Lover or your husband left you and moved to another woman, You do want to get Pregnant do not feel sad anymore contact: drkachispellcast@gmail.com his Text Number Call: +1 (209) 893-8075 You can reach him Website: https://drkachispellcaster.wixsite.com/my-site

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